{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:53:47Z","timestamp":1760057627134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigacion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDC2023-145838-I00","PID2023-150244OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2023-145838-I00","PID2023-150244OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Diputaci\u00f3n General de Arag\u00f3n (DGA) fellowship to Ra\u00fal Aparicio-T\u00e9llez","award":["PDC2023-145838-I00","PID2023-150244OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2023-145838-I00","PID2023-150244OB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we study the performance of second-order compensated measurement to generate a multi-bit response in physically unclonable functions (PUFs). The proposed technique is based on a novel second-order compensated measurement generating multiple bits instead of a single bit provided by the conventional compensated measurement. A PUF based on this technique has been proposed and implemented in 40 Artix-7 FPGAs, and its uniqueness and reproducibility have been compared to those of another PUF using the compensated measurement technique. In addition, we demonstrate that the best trade-off between identifiability and computation time performance is obtained when using only two bits. At the same time, the good performance of the technique has been demonstrated, improving the identifiability of a ring oscillator PUF (RO-PUF) between 70 and 90% compared to a RO-PUF that uses conventional compensated measurement. In particular, equal error rates (EER) of the order of EER\u223c10\u221216 can be achieved by combining the sign bit with another bit extracted using the proposed technique; and up to EER\u223c10\u221219 by using one more extra bit. In addition, the high reliability of the responses generated by this technique against possible temperature and voltage variations has been proved. These results show how this new technique improves the performance of the PUF in terms of identifiability, so it can be effectively used for device identification purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16030166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T11:08:50Z","timestamp":1740136130000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Physically Unclonable Functions\u2019 Performance Using Second-Order Compensated Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Diez-Se\u00f1orans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa (CUD), 50090 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8648-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Garcia-Bosque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0365-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Aparicio-T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4615-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Celma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4543","article-title":"A Lightweight and Machine-Learning-Resistant PUF Using Obfuscation-Feedback-Shift-Register","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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