{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T21:41:08Z","timestamp":1783806068433,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62476006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFA049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JBZD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBZD0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62476006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476006"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023AFA049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA049"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024JBZD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBZD0007"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the AUST","award":["62476006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476006"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the AUST","award":["2023AFA049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA049"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the AUST","award":["2024JBZD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBZD0007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For a long time, there has been a gap between theoretical optimization research and real-world applications. A key challenge is that many real-world problems are black-box problems, making it difficult to identify their characteristics and, consequently, select the most effective algorithms to solve them. Fortunately, the Nearest-Better Network has emerged as an effective tool for analyzing the characteristics of problems, regardless of dimensionality. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth experimental analysis of real-world functions from the CEC 2022 and CEC 2011 competitions using the NBN. Our experiments reveal that real-world problems often exhibit characteristics such as unclear global structure, multiple attraction basins, vast neutral regions around the global optimum, and high levels of ill conditioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16030190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1740972164000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice: Fitness Landscape Analysis of Real-World Problems with Nearest-Better Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiya","family":"Diao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"The Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"The Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9222-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Hefei 232001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"The Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"The Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanyou","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7222-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2021.100888","article-title":"A Tutorial On the design, experimentation and application of metaheuristic algorithms to real-World optimization problems","volume":"64","author":"Osaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. 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