{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:13:14Z","timestamp":1775092394404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU under the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) National Innovation Ecosystem","award":["ECS00000041-VITALITY\u2014CUP E13C22001060006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041-VITALITY\u2014CUP E13C22001060006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel approach for recommending actionable strategies by integrating strategic frameworks with decision heuristics through semantic analysis. While strategy frameworks provide systematic models for assessment and planning, and decision heuristics encode experiential knowledge, these traditions have historically remained separate. Our methodology bridges this gap using advanced natural language processing (NLP), demonstrated through integrating frameworks like the 6C model with the Thirty-Six Stratagems. The approach employs vector space representations and semantic similarity calculations to map framework parameters to heuristic patterns, supported by a computational architecture that combines deep semantic processing with constrained use of Large Language Models. By processing both primary content and secondary elements (diagrams, matrices) as complementary linguistic representations, we demonstrate effectiveness through corporate strategy case studies. The methodology generalizes to various analytical frameworks and heuristic sets, culminating in a plug-and-play architecture for generating recommender systems that enable cohesive integration of strategic frameworks and decision heuristics into actionable guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16030192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1740972164000},"page":"192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recommending Actionable Strategies: A Semantic Approach to Integrating Analytical Frameworks with Decision Heuristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Ghisellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Generative Strategy, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4912-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remo","family":"Pareschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stake Lab, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pedroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Generative Strategy, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2684-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Raggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Generative Strategy, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mintzberg, H. (2005). Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hirt, M., and Willmott, P. (2025, January 10). Strategic Principles for Competing in the Digital Age. McKinsey & Company Article. Available online: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/strategy-and-corporate-finance\/our-insights\/strategic-principles-for-competing-in-the-digital-age."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Taylor, P. (2013). The Thirty-Six Stratagems: A modern Interpretation of a Strategy Classic, Infinite Success, Infinite Ideas."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Minford, J. (2009). The Art of War, Penguin Classics."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"von Senger, H., and Gubitz, M. (1991). The Book of Stratagems: Tactics for Triumph and Survival, Viking."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Howard, M., and Paret, P. (1976). On War, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"215","article-title":"Exploring SWOT Analysis\u2014Where are we now? A review of academic research from the last decade","volume":"3","author":"Helms","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strategy Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"78","article-title":"The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy","volume":"86","author":"Porter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Guyon, I., von Luxburg, U., Bengio, S., Wallach, H.M., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S.V.N., and Garnett, R. (2017, January 4\u20139). Attention is All you Need. Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Burstein, J., Doran, C., and Solorio, T. (2019, January 2\u20137). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Inui, K., Jiang, J., Ng, V., and Wan, X. (2019, January 3\u20137). Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blei, D.M. (2012). Probabilistic Topic Models, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2133806.2133826"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pilla, P., Pareschi, R., Salzano, F., and Zappone, F. (2023). Listening to what the system tells us: Innovative auditing for distributed systems. Front. Comput. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2022.1020946"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., and Thomas, J.A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/047174882X"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2307\/41165946","article-title":"The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation","volume":"40","author":"Leonard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., and Newman, P. (2017). Bounded Rationality. Utility and Probability, Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. (1977). The Logic of Heuristic Decision Making. Models of Discovery: And Other Topics in the Methods of Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9521-1_10"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P.M., and the ABC Research Group (1999). Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2007.05.003","article-title":"Recommendation systems for decision support: An editorial introduction","volume":"45","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100255","article-title":"Context Aware Recommendation Systems: A review of the state of the art techniques","volume":"37","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Noia, T.D., Lops, P., Joachims, T., Verbert, K., Castells, P., Dong, Z., and London, B. (2024, January 14\u201318). Instructing and Prompting Large Language Models for Explainable Cross-domain Recommendations. Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, RecSys 2024, Bari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Noia, T.D., Lops, P., Joachims, T., Verbert, K., Castells, P., Dong, Z., and London, B. (2024, January 14\u201318). Unleashing the Retrieval Potential of Large Language Models in Conversational Recommender Systems. Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, RecSys 2024, Bari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ross, R.G. (2003). Principles of the Business Rule Approach, Addison-Wesley Professional."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoemaker, P. (2016). Scenario Planning, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-349-94848-2_652-1"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dean, M. (2023, February 15). Scenario Planning: A Literature Review. A Paper Prepared as Part of the MORE (Multi-modal Optimisation of Road-space in Europe) Project - WP3 (Future Scenarios: New Technologies, Demographics and Patterns of Demand). Project Number: 769276-2. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/43649617\/Scenario_Planning_A_Literature_Review."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Challco, G., Bittencourt, I., Reis, M., Santos, J., and Isotani, S. (2023). Gamiflow: Towards a Flow Theory-Based Gamification Framework for Learning Scenarios, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareschi, R. (2024). Beyond Human and Machine: An Architecture and Methodology Guideline for Centaurian Design. Sci, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sci6040071"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saghafian, S., and Idan, L. (2024). Effective generative AI: The human-algorithm centaur. arXiv.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4594780"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareschi, R. (2024). Centaur Art: The Future of Art in the Age of Generative AI, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69063-1"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"435","article-title":"Abductive reasoning with the GPT-4 language model: Case studies from criminal investigation, medical practice, scientific research","volume":"35","author":"Pareschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sist. Intelligenti Riv. Quadrimestrale Sci. Cogn. Intell. Artif."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"106","article-title":"Strategy as Simple Rules","volume":"79","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Barney, J. (2020). Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, Pearson. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Johnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2017). Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, Pearson Education. [11th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/3\/192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:45:36Z","timestamp":1760028336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/3\/192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info16030192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16030192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}