{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T22:00:13Z","timestamp":1780092013008,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human-centered approaches are vital to manage the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education, where AI-driven applications can reshape teaching, research, and student engagement. This study presents the Human-Centered AI for Systematic Literature Reviews (HCAI-SLR) framework to guide educators and researchers in integrating AI tools effectively. The methodology combines AI augmentation with human oversight and ethical checkpoints at each review stage to balance automation and expertise. An illustrative example and experiments demonstrate how AI supports tasks such as searching, screening, extracting, and synthesizing large volumes of literature that lead to measurable gains in efficiency and comprehensiveness. Results show that HCAI-driven processes can reduce time costs while preserving rigor, transparency, and user control. By embedding human values through constant oversight, trust in AI-generated findings is bolstered and potential biases are mitigated. Overall, the framework promotes ethical, transparent, and robust approaches to AI integration in higher education without compromising academic standards. Future work will refine its adaptability across various research contexts and further validate its impact on scholarly practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16030240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T04:34:43Z","timestamp":1742272483000},"page":"240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Framework for Systematic Literature Reviews"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5324-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang","family":"Le Dinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on SMEs, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC G9A 5H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Duc","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1532-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvestre","family":"Uwizeyemungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on SMEs, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC G9A 5H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5739-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on SMEs, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC G9A 5H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2153320","article-title":"Six human-centered artificial intelligence grand challenges","volume":"39","author":"Winslow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.117","article-title":"Human-centered artificial intelligence and machine learning","volume":"1","author":"Riedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-023-09356-9","article-title":"The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making","volume":"32","author":"Furman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2021-107529","article-title":"Defining the undefinable: The black box problem in healthcare artificial intelligence","volume":"48","author":"Wadden","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00382-7","article-title":"Solving the black box problem: A normative framework for explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"34","author":"Zednik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1741118","article-title":"Human-centered artificial intelligence: Reliable, safe & trustworthy","volume":"36","author":"Shneiderman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75264","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988510","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in education: A review","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munir, H., Vogel, B., and Jacobsson, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in digital education: A systematic revision. Information, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/info13040203"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100008","article-title":"Human-centered artificial intelligence in education: Seeing the invisible through the visible","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9236(94)00041-2","article-title":"Design and natural science research on information technology","volume":"15","author":"March","year":"1995","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2864","article-title":"Artificial intelligence leads the reform of education models","volume":"39","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.58631\/injurity.v2i3.52","article-title":"Role of AI in Education","volume":"2","author":"Harry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiciplinary J. Hummanity"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100025","article-title":"AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hien, H.T., Cuong, P.-N., Nam, L.N.H., Nhung, H.L.T.K., and Thang, L.D. (2018, January 6\u20137). Intelligent assistants in higher-education environments: The FIT-EBot, a chatbot for administrative and learning support. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology, Da Nang, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1145\/3287921.3287937"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajja, R., Sermet, Y., Cikmaz, M., Cwiertny, D., and Demir, I. (2024). Artificial intelligence-enabled intelligent assistant for personalized and adaptive learning in higher education. Information, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/info15100596"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Khanna, S., Kaushik, A., and Barnela, M. (2010, January 19\u201320). Expert systems advances in education. Proceedings of the National Conference on Computational Instrumentation NCCI-2010, Chandigarh, India."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"141","article-title":"A knowledge-based model for context-aware smart service systems","volume":"6","author":"Nam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inf. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, R. (2023). The integration of AI and machine learning in education and its potential to personalize and improve student learning experiences. Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Manag., 7.","DOI":"10.55041\/IJSREM17645"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.08.004","article-title":"Intelligent web-based learning system with personalized learning path guidance","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-01-2023-0007","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in personalised learning: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interact. Technol. Smart Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Holmes, W., and Miao, F. (2023). Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research, UNESCO Publishing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, J., Mesquita, A., and Carnaz, G. (2024). Generative AI and higher education: Trends, challenges, and future directions from a systematic literature review. Information, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.1496.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshami, A., Elsayed, M., Ali, E., Eltoukhy, A.E., and Zayed, T. (2023). Harnessing the power of ChatGPT for automating systematic review process: Methodology, case study, limitations, and future directions. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11070351"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.23915\/distill.00009","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence to augment human intelligence","volume":"2","author":"Carter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Distill"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2021.1079","article-title":"Cognitive challenges in human\u2013artificial intelligence collaboration: Investigating the path toward productive delegation","volume":"33","author":"Grahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Schmidt, A. (October, January 28). Interactive human centered artificial intelligence: A definition and research challenges. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Ischia Island, Italy."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usmani, U.A., Happonen, A., and Watada, J. (2023, January 8\u201310). Human-centered artificial intelligence: Designing for user empowerment and ethical considerations. Proceedings of the 2023 5th International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/HORA58378.2023.10156761"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-05-2021-0083","article-title":"Research landscape of smart education: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interact. Technol. Smart Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Gattupalli, S., and Maloy, R.W. (2024). On Human-Centered AI in Education, University of Massachusetts Amherst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutson, J., and Plate, D. (2023). Human-AI collaboration for smart education: Reframing applied learning to support metacognition. Advanced Virtual Assistants\u2014A Window to the Virtual Future, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1001832"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2013.842215","article-title":"The contribution of academics\u2019 engagement in research to undergraduate education","volume":"40","author":"Hajdarpasic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1108\/AAAJ-08-2014-1808","article-title":"The discovery of cumulative knowledge: Strategies for designing and communicating qualitative research","volume":"31","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Account. Audit. Account. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10548-7","article-title":"A hybrid human\u2013AI tool for scientometric analysis","volume":"56","author":"Correia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3917\/sim.224.0005","article-title":"ARTIREV: An integrated bibliometric tool to efficiently conduct quality literature reviews","volume":"27","author":"Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst\u00e8mes D\u2019information Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/02683962211048201","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the conduct of literature reviews","volume":"37","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education\u2013where are the educators?","volume":"16","author":"Bond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Venable, J. (2006, January 24\u201325). The role of theory and theorising in design science research. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Design Science in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2006), Claremont, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vom Brocke, J., Hevner, A., and Maedche, A. (2020). Introduction to design science research. Design Science Research. Cases, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46781-4"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"51","article-title":"Education System re-engineering with AI (artificial intelligence) for Quality Im-provements with proposed model","volume":"8","author":"Muzammul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adcaij Adv. Distrib. Comput. Artif. Intell. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2004399","article-title":"Focus-group interview and data analysis","volume":"63","author":"Rabiee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Okoli, C., and Schabram, K. (2025, March 01). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of Information Systems Research. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1954824."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.28945\/479","article-title":"A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of information systems research","volume":"9","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Informing Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X17723971","article-title":"Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"33","article-title":"The knowledge pyramid: The DIKW hierarchy","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ko Knowl. Organ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"159","article-title":"A framework for knowledge management in project management offices","volume":"3","author":"Van","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mod. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Pilone, D., and Pitman, N. (2005). UML 2.0 in a Nutshell, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Bloch, C., and Kranz, J. (2015, January 13\u201316). A framework for rigorously identifying research gaps in qualitative literature reviews. Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.9785\/cri-2019-200402","article-title":"The EU Approach to Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence","volume":"20","author":"Smuha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Law Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2020). Information Technology. Artificial Intelligence. Overview of Trustworthiness in Artificial Intelligence (Standard No. ISO\/IEC TR 24028)."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","article-title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2020.1818828","article-title":"Human-centred artificial intelligence: A contextual morality perspective","volume":"41","author":"Berkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Tahaei, M., Constantinides, M., Quercia, D., and Muller, M. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review of Human-Centered, Ethical, and Responsible AI. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., and Gao, Z. (2024, January 15\u201317). Enabling Human-Centered AI: A Methodological Perspective. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHMS59971.2024.10555771"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Lozi\u0107, E., and \u0160tular, B. (2023). ChatGPT v Bard v Bing v Claude 2 v Aria v human-expert. How good are AI chatbots at scientific writing?. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi, M.U., Tashi, A., Qureshi, R., Shah, A., Irfan, M., Zafar, A., Shaikh, M.B., Akhtar, N., Wu, J., and Mirjalili, S. (2023). Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of its Applications, Challenges, Limitations, and Future Prospects. TechRxiv.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.23589741.v2"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03272-4","article-title":"Prompt Engineering with ChatGPT: A Guide for Academic Writers","volume":"51","author":"Giray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.53880\/2744-2373.2023.4.37","article-title":"AI in academia: An overview of selected tools and their areas of application","volume":"4","author":"Pinzolits","year":"2023","journal-title":"MAP Educ. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Scells, H., Koopman, B., and Zuccon, G. (2023, January 23\u201327). Can ChatGPT Write a Good Boolean Query for Systematic Review Literature Search?. Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 2023, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591703"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.12.005","article-title":"Tools to support the automation of systematic reviews: A scoping review","volume":"144","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Orta, J., Xamena, E., Maguitman, A.G., Soto, A.J., Zanoto, F.P., and Milios, E.E. (2023). QuOTeS: Query-Oriented Technical Summarization. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41682-8_7"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e2300021","article-title":"Synthetic Data Generation by Artificial Intelligence to Accelerate Research and Precision Medicine in Hematology","volume":"7","author":"Sala","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Clin. Cancer Inform."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"35","article-title":"CiteSeerX: AI in a Digital Library Search Engine","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/01.XEB.0000511345.04823.36","article-title":"Covidence vs Excel for the title and abstract review stage of a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Harfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv044","article-title":"RobotReviewer: Evaluation of a system for automatically assessing bias in clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72894","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3072900","article-title":"Efficient Automated Processing of the Unstructured Documents Using Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Directions","volume":"9","author":"Baviskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16094069231201504","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231201504","article-title":"Exploring the Use of AI in Qualitative Analysis: A Comparative Study of Guaranteed Income Data","volume":"22","author":"Hamilton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon, A., and Pacuit, E. (2013). The Wisdom of Crowds: Methods of Human Judgement Aggregation. Handbook of Human Computation, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8806-4_47"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8500900501","article-title":"Triangulation in Evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Greene","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eval. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Santana, V.F.d., Galeno, L.M.D.F., Brazil, E.V., Heching, A.R., and Cerqueira, R.F.G. (2023). Retrospective End-User Walkthrough: A Method for Assessing How People Combine Multiple AI Models in Decision-Making Systems. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E422","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171154","article-title":"Consolidated principles for screening based on a systematic review and consensus process","volume":"190","author":"Dobrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peffers, K., Rothenberger, M., Tuunanen, T., and Vaezi, R. (2012, January 14\u201315). Design science research evaluation. Proceedings of the Design Science Research in Information Systems. Advances in Theory and Practice: 7th International Conference, DESRIST 2012, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29863-9_29"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/3\/240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:55:30Z","timestamp":1760028930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/3\/240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info16030240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16030240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]}}}