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Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), as a widely used consensus mechanism in consortium blockchains, has undergone numerous enhancements in recent years. However, existing review studies primarily emphasize broad comparisons of different consensus algorithms and lack an in-depth exploration of PBFT optimization strategies. The lack of such a review makes it challenging for researchers and practitioners to identify the most effective optimizations for specific application scenarios. In this paper, we review the improvement schemes of PBFT from three key directions: communication complexity optimization, dynamic node management, and incentive mechanism integration. Specifically, we explore hierarchical networking, adaptive node selection, multi-leader view switching, and a hybrid consensus model incorporating staking and penalty mechanisms. Finally, this paper presents a comparative analysis of these optimization strategies, evaluates their applicability across various scenarios, and offers insights into future research directions for consensus algorithm design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16040268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:11:40Z","timestamp":1743135100000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Evolution and Optimization Strategies of a PBFT Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6990-6701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fujiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030619, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030619, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4096-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3995-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaojie","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnesium Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2162-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","article-title":"Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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