{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:03:31Z","timestamp":1780445011311,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARSENE project funded by the \u201cFrance 2030\u201d government investment plan managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR)","award":["ANR-22-PECY-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-PECY-0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical attacks pose a significant threat to the security of embedded processors, which have become an integral part of our daily lives. Processors can be vulnerable to fault injection attacks that threaten their normal and secure behavior. Such attacks can lead to serious malfunctions in applications, compromising their security and correct behavior. Therefore, it is crucial for designers and manufacturers to consider these threats while developing embedded processors. These attacks may require only a moderate level of knowledge to execute and can compromise the normal behavior of the targeted devices. These attacks can be faced by developing effective countermeasures. This paper explores the main existing countermeasures against fault injection attacks in embedded processors, to understand and implement effective solutions against those threats. Subsequently, we further investigate solutions related to RISC-V, focusing on its hardware and architecture security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16040293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1744003859000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Countermeasures Against Fault Injection Attacks in Processors: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Roua","family":"Boulifa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP1, TIMA, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Di Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP1, TIMA, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9949-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Maistri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP1, TIMA, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiel, F., Villegas, K., Feix, B., and Marcel, L. (2007, January 10). Passive and Active Combined Attacks: Combining Fault Attacks and Side Channel Analysis. Proceedings of the Workshop on Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC 2007), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC.2007.4318989"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"388","article-title":"Differential Power Analysis","volume":"Volume 1666","author":"Kocher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Advances in Cryptology\u2014CRYPTO \u201999, Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 15\u201319 August 1999, Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joye, M., and Quisquater, J.J. (2004). Correlation Power Analysis with a Leakage Model. Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems-CHES 2004, Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop, Cambridge, MA, USA, 11\u201313 August 2004, Proceedings 6, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b99451"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fumy, W. (1997). On the Importance of Checking Cryptographic Protocols for Faults. Advances in Cryptology\u2014EUROCRYPT\u201997, Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Konstanz, Germany, 11\u201315 May 1997, Proceedings, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-69053-0"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-018-0038-1","article-title":"Fault Attacks on Secure Embedded Software: Threats, Design, and Evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Yuce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joye, M., and Tunstall, M. (2012). Design of Cryptographic Devices Resilient to Fault Injection Attacks Using Nonlinear Robust Codes. Fault Analysis in Cryptography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29656-7"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mishra, J., and Sahay, S.K. (2025). Modern Hardware Security: A Review of Attacks and Countermeasures. arXiv, Available online: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.04394."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Shuvo, A.M., Zhang, T., Farahmandi, F., and Tehranipoor, M. (2023). A comprehensive survey on non-invasive fault injection attacks. Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangolli, A., Mahmoud, Q.H., and Azim, A. (2022). A systematic review of fault injection attacks on IOT systems. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11132023"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, Z., Hely, D., Fazeli, M., and Beroulle, V. (2020). A Review on Evaluation and Configuration of Fault Injection Attack Instruments to Design Attack Resistant MCU-Based IoT Applications. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9071153"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2188769","article-title":"Fault Injection Attacks on Cryptographic Devices: Theory, Practice, and Countermeasures","volume":"100","author":"Barenghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Canella, C., Van Bulck, J., Schwarz, M., Lipp, M., Von Berg, B., Ortner, P., Piessens, F., Evtyushkin, D., and Gruss, D. (2019, January 14\u201316). A systematic evaluation of transient execution attacks and defenses. Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19), Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-016-0141-6","article-title":"A survey of microarchitectural timing attacks and countermeasures on contemporary hardware","volume":"8","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cryptogr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3442479","article-title":"Survey of transient execution attacks and their mitigations","volume":"54","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"182","article-title":"When Clocks Fail: On Critical Paths and Clock Faults","volume":"Volume 6035","author":"Agoyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Card Research and Advanced Application, Proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 8.8\/11.2 International Conference, CARDIS 2010, Passau, Germany, 14\u201316 April 2010, Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claudepierre, L., P\u00e9neau, P.Y., Hardy, D., and Rohou, E. (2021, January 7). TRAITOR: A Low-Cost Evaluation Platform for Multifault Injection. Proceedings of the 2021 International Symposium on Advanced Security on Software and Systems, Virtual Event, Hong Kong.","DOI":"10.1145\/3457340.3458303"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"NewAE Technology Inc. (2025, March 13). ChipWhisperer Documentation. Online Resource. Available online: https:\/\/chipwhisperer.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korak, T., and Hoefler, M. (2014, January 23). On the Effects of Clock and Power Supply Tampering on Two Microcontroller Platforms. Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography, Busan, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC.2014.11"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Vasilakis, G., Murdock, K., Dean, E., Oswald, D., and Garcia, F.D. (2021, January 11\u201313). VoltPillager: Hardware-Based Fault Injection Attacks Against Intel SGX Enclaves Using the SVID Voltage Scaling Interface. Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buhren, R., Jacob, H.N., Krachenfels, T., and Seifert, J.P. (2021, January 15\u201319). One Glitch to Rule Them All: Fault Injection Attacks Against AMD\u2019s Secure Encrypted Virtualization. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Virtual Event, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/3460120.3484779"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2020.3003287","article-title":"Modeling and Simulating Electromagnetic Fault Injection","volume":"40","author":"Dumont","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-016-0128-3","article-title":"Electromagnetic Fault Injection: The Curse of Flip-Flops","volume":"7","author":"Ordas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cryptogr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trouchkine, T., Bouffard, G., and Cl\u00e9di\u00e8re, J. (2019, January 11\u201312). Fault Injection Characterization on Modern CPUs: From the ISA to the Micro-Architecture. Proceedings of the 13th IFIP International Conference on Information Security Theory and Practice (WISTP), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41702-4_8"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"175","article-title":"Nanofocused X-Ray Beam to Reprogram Secure Circuits","volume":"Volume 10529","author":"Anceau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems\u2014CHES 2017, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 25\u201328 September 2017, Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Daly, R., Kim, J., Fallin, C., Lee, J.H., Lee, D., Wilkerson, C., Lai, K., and Mutlu, O. (2014, January 14\u201318). Flipping bits in memory without accessing them: An experimental study of DRAM disturbance errors. Proceedings of the 41st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecuture, ISCA \u201914, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2014.6853210"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murdock, K., Oswald, D., Garcia, F.D., Van Bulck, J., Gruss, D., and Piessens, F. (2020, January 18\u201321). Plundervolt: Software-based Fault Injection Attacks against Intel SGX. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00057"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gonidec, G.L., Real, M.M., Bouffard, G., and Pr\u00e9votet, J.C. (2024). Do Not Trust Power Management: A Survey on Internal Energy-based Attacks Circumventing Trusted Execution Environments Security Properties. arXiv, Available online: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.15537."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Trouchkine, T., Bukasa, S.K., Escouteloup, M., Lashermes, R., and Bouffard, G. (2019). Electromagnetic Fault Injection Against a System-on-Chip, Toward New Micro-Architectural Fault Models. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trouchkine, T., Bouffard, G., and Cl\u00e9di\u00e8re, J. (2021, January 17). EM Fault Model Characterization on SoCs: From Different Architectures to the Same Fault Model. Proceedings of the 2021 Workshop on Fault Detection and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC53659.2021.00014"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1145\/3446214","article-title":"Bridging the Gap between RTL and Software Fault Injection","volume":"17","author":"Laurent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuce, B., Ghalaty, N.F., Santapuri, H., Deshpande, C., Patrick, C., and Schaumont, P. (2016, January 16). Software Fault Resistance is Futile: Effective Single-Glitch Attacks. Proceedings of the 2016 Workshop on Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC.2016.21"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaer, I., Colombier, B., Deleuze, C., Beroulle, V., and Maistri, P. (2021, January 28\u201330). Microarchitecture-Aware Fault Models: Experimental Evidence and Cross-Layer Inference Methodology. Proceedings of the 2021 16th International Conference on Design & Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era (DTIS), Montpellier, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/DTIS53253.2021.9505074"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, V., Maingault, L., and Potet, M.L. (2020, January 13). An End-to-End Approach for Multi-Fault Attack Vulnerability Assessment. Proceedings of the 2020 Workshop on Fault Detection and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC51366.2020.00009"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmohr, M.A., Liao, H., and Gebotys, C.H. (2020, January 25\u201326). EM Fault Injection on ARM and RISC-V. Proceedings of the 2020 21st International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED48828.2020.9137051"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-020-00090-1","article-title":"Analysis of Dynamic Laser Injection and Quiescent Photon Emissions on an Embedded Processor","volume":"4","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breier, J., Jap, D., and Chen, C.N. (2015, January 4). Laser Profiling for the Back-Side Fault Attacks: With a Practical Laser Skip Instruction Attack on AES. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Cyber-Physical System Security, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/2732198.2732206"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombier, B., Menu, A., Dutertre, J.M., Mo\u00ebllic, P.A., Rigaud, J.B., and Danger, J.L. (2019, January 5\u201310). Laser-Induced Single-Bit Faults in Flash Memory: Instructions Corruption on a 32-Bit Microcontroller. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), McLean, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2019.8741030"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmers, N., Spruyt, A., and Witteman, M. (2016, January 16). Controlling PC on ARM Using Fault Injection. Proceedings of the 2016 Workshop on Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC.2016.18"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaer, I., Colombier, B., Deleuze, C., Beroulle, V., and Maistri, P. (September, January 31). Variable-Length Instruction Set: Feature or Bug?. Proceedings of the 2022 25th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), Maspalomas, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD57027.2022.00068"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhasin, S., and Roche, T. (2024). Microarchitectural Insights into Unexplained Behaviors Under Clock Glitch Fault Injection. Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54409-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaer, I., Al-kaf, A., Egloff, V., and Beroulle, V. (2024, January 8\u201310). Inferred Fault Models for RISC-V and Arm: A Comparative Study. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT), Didcot, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT63277.2024.10753562"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Natale, G., Gizopoulos, D., Di Carlo, S., Bosio, A., and Canal, R. (2020). Cross-Layer Reliability of Computing Systems, IET\u2014The Institution of Engineering and Technology.","DOI":"10.1049\/PBCS057E"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Clercq, R., Keulenaer, R., Coppens, B., Yang, B., Maene, P., De Bosschere, K., Preneel, B., De Sutter, B., and Verbauwhede, I. (2016, January 14\u201318). SOFIA: Software and Control Flow Integrity Architecture. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, M., Unterluggauer, T., Schaffenrath, D., and Mangard, S. (2018, January 24\u201326). Sponge-Based Control-Flow Protection for IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2018.00023"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lashermes, R., Bouder, H., and Thomas, G. (2018). Secure IT Systems: Hardware-Assisted Program Execution Integrity: HAPEI. Secure IT Systems, Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference, NordSec 2018, Oslo, Norway, 28\u201330 November 2018, Proceedings, Springer International Publishing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03638-6_25"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savry, O., El-Majihi, M., and Hiscock, T. (2020, January 26\u201328). Confidaent: Control FLow Protection with Instruction and Data Authenticated Encryption. Proceedings of the 2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), Kranj, Slovenia.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD51259.2020.00048"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeitouni, S., Dessouky, G., Arias, O., Sullivan, D., Ibrahim, A., Jin, Y., and Sadeghi, A.R. (2017, January 13\u201316). ATRIUM: Runtime Attestation Resilient Under Memory Attacks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Irvine, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2017.8203803"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasahl, P., Sultana, S., Liljestrand, H., Grewal, K., LeMay, M., Durham, D.M., Schrammel, D., and Mangard, S. (2023, January 1\u20134). EC-CFI: Control-Flow Integrity via Code Encryption Counteracting Fault Attacks. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HOST55118.2023.10132915"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamelot, T., Courouss\u00e9, D., and Heydemann, K. (2022, January 14\u201323). SCI-FI: Control Signal, Code, and Control Flow Integrity against Fault Injection Attacks. Proceedings of the 2022 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), Antwerp, Belgium.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE54114.2022.9774685"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Wilken, K., and Shen, J. (1988, January 12\u201314). Continuous Signature Monitoring: Efficient Concurrent Detection of Processor Control Errors. Proceedings of the International Test Conference 1988 Proceedings: New Frontiers in Testing, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2023.3276507","article-title":"MAFIA: Protecting the Microarchitecture of Embedded Systems Against Fault Injection Attacks","volume":"42","author":"Chamelot","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danger, J.L., Facon, A., Guilley, S., Heydemann, K., K\u00fchne, U., Si Merabet, A., and Timbert, M. (2018, January 29\u201331). CCFI-Cache: A Transparent and Flexible Hardware Protection for Code and Control-Flow Integrity. Proceedings of the 2018 21st Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD.2018.00093"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leplus, G., Savry, O., and Bossuet, L. (September, January 31). SecDec: Secure Decode Stage Thanks to Masking of Instructions with the Generated Signals. Proceedings of the 2022 25th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), Maspalomas, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD57027.2022.00080"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgheib, A., Potin, O., Rigaud, J.B., and Dutertre, J.M. (September, January 31). A CFI Verification System Based on the RISC-V Instruction Trace Encoder. Proceedings of the 2022 25th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), Maspalomas, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD57027.2022.00067"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgheib, A., Potin, O., Rigaud, J.B., and Dutertre, J.M. (2023, January 1\u20134). CIFER: Code Integrity and Control Flow Verification for Programs Executed on a RISC-V Core. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HOST55118.2023.10133542"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, M., Wenger, E., and Mangard, S. (2016). Protecting the control flow of embedded processors against fault attacks. Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference, CARDIS 2015, Bochum, Germany, 4\u20136 November 2015., Springer. Revised Selected Papers 14.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31271-2_10"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrivastwa, R.R., Guilley, S., and Danger, J.L. (2021). Multi-source fault injection detection using machine learning and sensor fusion. Security and Privacy, Proceedings of the Second International Conference, ICSP 2021, Jamshedpur, India, 16\u201317 November 2021, Proceedings, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90553-8_7"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Gambra, A., Chatterjee, D., Rioja, U., Armendariz, I., and Batina, L. (2024). Machine Learning-Based Detection of Glitch Attacks in Clock Signal Data. Cryptol. ePrint Arch."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/4\/293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:10:39Z","timestamp":1760029839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/4\/293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info16040293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16040293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]}}}