{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:16:02Z","timestamp":1775596562844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploring the potential of text-to-image generation technology in Taiwanese vocational high school art courses, this study employs a conceptual framework of technology integration, creative thinking, and metacognitive abilities, focusing on its effects on teaching strategies as well as students\u2019 digital art creation skills and cognitive and creative development. The study was conducted through a multi-methodological approach that includes a systematic literature review plus participatory action research and qualitative analysis. The results showed that integrating text-to-image technology with education boosted students\u2019 interest in activities such as prompt design and project creation and suited themes like landscapes and conceptual art. Testing AI tools enhanced technical proficiency (average of 3.95\/5), while pedagogy shifted to project-based learning, increasing engagement. Students\u2019 digital art skills improved from 3.26 to 3.78 (16% growth), with creativity and originality (3.82\/5), style diversity, visual complexity, and divergent thinking notably advanced. The technology also fostered metacognitive skills and critical thinking, proving to be an effective teaching aid beyond a mere digital tool. This discovery provides a fresh theoretical viewpoint and instructional procedures for high school art education curricula, anchored in technology, and highlights the importance of nurturing students\u2019 innovativeness and adaptability within the contemporary digital age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16050341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T12:04:33Z","timestamp":1745409873000},"page":"341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Application of Text-to-Image Generation Technology in Art Education at Vocational Senior High Schools in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Wen","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Teacher Education, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo-Siang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Engineering, Nan Kai University of Technology, No. 568, Zhongzheng Rd., Caotun Township, Nantou City 542020, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Chi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberal Education Center, College of General Education, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, No. 57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Taiping Dist., Taichung City 411030, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Sho","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Mechanical Technology, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"},{"name":"NCUE Alumni Association, National Changhua University of Education, Jin-De Campus, No. 1, Jinde Rd., Changhua City 500207, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1286-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Lun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan"},{"name":"Medical Affairs Office, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei City 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Adminstration, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Taichung City 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"The rise of artificial intelligence in education","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.-H., Yao, K.-C., Chen, Y.-T., Chung, C.-Y., Huang, W.-L., and Ho, W.-S. (2025). Integrating Motivation Theory into the AIED Curriculum for Technical Education: Examining the Impact on Learning Outcomes and the Moderating Role of Computer Self-Efficacy. 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