{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:12:46Z","timestamp":1760058766497,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chonnam National University","award":["2024-0400-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-0400-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The split-attention principle suggests that separating onscreen information sources can overburden working memory and impede learning. While research has traditionally focused on the separation of images and text, relatively little is known about the impact of multiple simultaneous visual inputs. This study examined the split-attention principle in a multimedia environment featuring a pedagogical agent performing gestures, with hologram-like images either integrated centrally with the agent or spatially separated. A within-subjects design (N = 80) investigated the impact on satisfaction, cognitive load, and cued recall. The quantitative findings revealed no significant differences between the two spatial conditions. Preliminary qualitative insights from a limited sample of six individual interviews suggested that some participants may employ strategies to simplify complex designs and manage perceived cognitive load. Based on these limited qualitative observations, this research tentatively proposes the \u201cpruning principle\u201d, a metacognitive strategy where learners actively \u201cprune\u201d extraneous information to optimize cognitive resources. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences and metacognitive strategies in multimedia design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16050350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T09:39:47Z","timestamp":1745833187000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Exploration of Combining Hologram-like Images and Pedagogical Agent Gesturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6570-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert O.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61187, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English for International Conferences and Communication, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 02450, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0024-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Byul","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Elementary Education, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Jik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61187, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09842-1","article-title":"The past, present, and future of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning","volume":"36","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. 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