{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:27:54Z","timestamp":1782404874847,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skodowska-Curie grant","award":["101007638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007638"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skodowska-Curie grant","award":["PR12\/24-31574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR12\/24-31574"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Complutense University of Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101007638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Complutense University of Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PR12\/24-31574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR12\/24-31574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite image analysis is a critical component of Earth observation and satellite data analysis, providing detailed information on the effects of global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Cloud computing offers a flexible way to allocate resources and simplifies the management of infrastructure. In this study, we propose a cross-cloud system for ML-based satellite image detection, focusing on the financial and performance aspects of utilizing Amazon Web Service (AWS) Lambda and Amazon SageMaker for advanced machine learning tasks. Our system utilizes Google Apps Script (GAS) to create a web-based control panel, providing users with access to our AWS-hosted satellite detection models. Additionally, we utilize AWS to manage expenses through a strategic combination of Google Cloud and AWS, providing not only economic advantages, but also enhanced resilience. Furthermore, our approach capitalizes on the synergistic capabilities of AWS and Google Cloud to fortify our defenses against data loss and ensure operational resilience. Our goal is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a cloud environment in addressing complex and interdisciplinary challenges, particularly in the field of object analysis using spatial imagery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16050381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1746171863000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Amazon Web Service\u2013Google Cross-Cloud Platform for Machine Learning-Based Satellite Image Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pacios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automation, Faculty of Informatics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle del Prof. Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ignacio-Cerrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Arcos de Jal\u00f3n 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Poletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automation, Faculty of Informatics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle del Prof. Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Moreno-Vozmediano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automation, Faculty of Informatics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle del Prof. Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Schetakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALMA Sistemi Srl, 00012 Guidonia, Italy"},{"name":"Quantum Innovation Pc, 731000 Chania, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Stavrakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALMA Sistemi Srl, 00012 Guidonia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Di Iorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALMA Sistemi Srl, 00012 Guidonia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge J.","family":"Gomez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle del Prof. Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle del Prof. Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30681-4","article-title":"Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: A political and public health dilemma","volume":"395","author":"McCloskey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jutz, S., and Milagro-Perez, M.P. 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