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It has traditionally been employed to create predictive models through training on locally available data. However, privacy concerns can sometimes impede the collection and integration of data from diverse sources. Conversely, a lack of sufficient data may hinder the construction of accurate models, thereby limiting the ability to produce meaningful outcomes. Especially in the field of healthcare, collecting datasets centrally is challenging due to privacy concerns. Indeed, federated learning (FL) emerges as a sophisticated distributed machine learning approach that comes to the rescue in such scenarios. It allows multiple devices hosted at different institutions, like hospitals, to collaboratively train a global model without sharing raw data. In addition, each device retains its data securely on locally, addressing the challenges of time-consuming annotation and privacy concerns. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive literature review aimed at identifying the most advanced federated learning applications in cancer research and clinical oncology analysis. Our main goal was to present a comprehensive overview of the development of federated learning in the field of oncology. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16060487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1749700757000},"page":"487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Advances in Application of Federated Machine Learning for Oncology and Cancer Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nasajpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedamin","family":"Pouriyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0049-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza M.","family":"Parizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Decentralized Science Lab, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mosaiyebzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9118-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision & System Sciences, Saint Joseph\u2019s University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4865-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Mac\u00eado","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgendy, N., and Elragal, A. 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