{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:26:18Z","timestamp":1760059578084,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities","award":["RTI2018-098371-B-I00","TSI-100921-2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098371-B-I00","TSI-100921-2023-3"]}]},{"name":"Secretary of State for Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence","award":["RTI2018-098371-B-I00","TSI-100921-2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098371-B-I00","TSI-100921-2023-3"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU, Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan","award":["RTI2018-098371-B-I00","TSI-100921-2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098371-B-I00","TSI-100921-2023-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, the evolution and growth of machine learning (ML) algorithms and the Internet of Things (IoT) are enabling new applications. Smart weapons and people detection systems are examples. Firstly, this work takes advantage of an efficient, scalable, and distributed system, named SmartFog, which identifies people with weapons by leveraging edge, fog, and cloud computing paradigms. Nevertheless, security vulnerabilities during data transmission are not addressed. Thus, this work bridges this gap by proposing a secure data transmission system integrating a lightweight security scheme named GS3. Therefore, the main novelty is the evaluation of the GS3 proposal in a real environment. In the first fog sublayer, GS3 leads to a 14% increase in execution time with respect to no secure data transmission, but AES results in a 34.5% longer execution time. GS3 achieves a 70% reduction in decipher time and a 55% reduction in cipher time compared to the AES algorithm. Furthermore, an energy consumption analysis shows that GS3 consumes 31% less power than AES. The security analysis confirms that GS3 detects tampering, replaying, forwarding, and forgery attacks. Moreover, GS3 has a key space of 2544 permutations, slightly larger than those of Chacha20 and Salsa20, with a faster solution than these methods. In addition, GS3 exhibits strength against differential cryptoanalysis. This mechanism is a compelling choice for energy-constrained environments and for securing event data transmissions with a short validity period. Moreover, GS3 maintains full architectural transparency with the underlying armed detection system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16070527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:08:44Z","timestamp":1750669724000},"page":"527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secure Data Transmission Using GS3 in an Armed Surveillance System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2664-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Alcaraz-Velasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5564-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5363-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Le\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2584-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2024.100294","article-title":"Prevalence of Gun Carrying and Gun Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Youth and Young Adults","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1177\/00111287231195782","article-title":"Urban Victims of Nonlethal Gun Violence: A Chicago-Centered Analysis Using the National Crime Victimization Survey","volume":"71","author":"Rezey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crime Delinq."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, November 01). 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