{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:40:08Z","timestamp":1777502408355,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Utrecht University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying when and which adolescents are at increased risk of developing problematic social media use (PSMU) is critical for effective prevention and early intervention. Previous research has examined risk and protective factors using theory-driven (confirmatory-explanatory) approaches, such as regression models. However, few studies have simultaneously considered personal, peer, and parent characteristics to assess their relative contributions, and none have explored how these factors are structurally interrelated using data-driven (inductive\u2013exploratory) approaches. To address these gaps, this study combines logistic regression and psychological network analysis to examine which personal, parent, and peer factors are most relevant in identifying at-risk\/problematic social media use among adolescents. Using three waves of data analyzed cross-sectionally from N = 2441 secondary school students, adolescents were classified as normative (0\u20131 symptoms) or at-risk\/problematic (2+ symptoms) users based on the Social Media Disorder Scale. Logistic regression showed that fear of missing out, impulsivity, depressive symptoms, intensity of meeting with friends, and reactive parental rules uniquely predicted at-risk\/problematic use. Psychological network analysis identified self-esteem, attention problems, impulsivity, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction as central, highly interconnected nodes. These findings show that theory- and data-driven approaches illuminate different aspects of PSMU risk, and that network analysis can generate novel hypotheses about underlying processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16070567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T06:10:26Z","timestamp":1751436626000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychological Network Analysis for Risk and Protective Factors of Problematic Social Media Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan M.","family":"Doornwaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephant Path\u2014Research & Consulting, Karel Doormanstraat 390S, 3012 GR Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Hazeleger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina M.","family":"Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert Ali","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Social Science, Youth Studies, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, P.O. Box 80140, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5353-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina J. J. M.","family":"van den Eijnden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Social Science, Youth Studies, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, P.O. Box 80140, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Boer, M., Van Dorsselaer, S., De Looze, M.E., De Roos, S., Brons, H., Van den Eijnden, R.J.J.M., Monshouwer, K., Huijnk, W., Ter Bogt, T.F.M., and Vollebergh, W.A.M. (2022). HBSC 2021. Gezondheid en welzijn van jongeren in Nederland, Universiteit Utrecht."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Inchley, J., Currie, D., Budisavljevic, S., Torsheim, T., J\u00e5stad, A., Cosma, A., Kelly, C., Arnarsson, \u00c1., and Samdal, O. (2020). Spotlight on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing. Findings from the 2017\/2018 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Survey in Europe and Canada. International Report: Key Data (Volume 2), WHO Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vogels, E.A., Gelles-Watnick, R., and Massarat, N. (2022). Teens, Social Media and Technology, Pew Research Center."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0056-9","article-title":"Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Andreassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuss, D.J., and Griffiths, M.D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030311"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.10.007","article-title":"The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"226","author":"Marino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816671891","article-title":"Explicating problematic social network sites use: A review of concepts, theoretical frameworks, and future directions for communication theorizing","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.02.014","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries","volume":"66","author":"Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.65","article-title":"The impact of heavy and disordered use of games and social media on adolescents\u2019 psychological, social, and school functioning","volume":"7","author":"Koning","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e853","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13334","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-symptoms, social media use intensity, and social media use problems in adolescents: Investigating directionality","volume":"91","author":"Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"11","article-title":"Which health-related problems are associated with problematic video-gaming or social media use in adolescents? A large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Kleiboer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101414","article-title":"Interplay between social media use, sleep quality, and mental health in youth: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Alonzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ablat\u00farov\u00e1, N., Re\u010dka, K., and Blinka, L. (2022). Validation of the Social Media Disorder Scale using network analysis in a large representative sample of Czech adolescents. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.907522"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.171","article-title":"Addictive phone use and academic performance in adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Domoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211027232","article-title":"Validation of the Social Media Disorder Scale in adolescents: Findings from a large-scale nationally representative sample","volume":"29","author":"Boer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.01.006","article-title":"Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse\/dependence: A meta-analytic review","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Andreassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey","volume":"64","author":"Andreassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.12.008","article-title":"Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out","volume":"55","author":"Oberst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vejmelka, L., and Matkovi\u0107, R. (2021). Online interactions and problematic internet use of croatian students during the covid-19 pandemic. Information, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/info12100399"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.020","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: Fear of missing out as a mediator","volume":"101","author":"Elhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100252","article-title":"Narcissism and problematic social media use: A systematic literature review","volume":"11","author":"Casale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.014","article-title":"Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out","volume":"29","author":"Przybylski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106839","article-title":"Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Fioravanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"187","article-title":"Ecological systems theory","volume":"6","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model. The Transactional Model of Development: How Children and Contexts Shape Each Other, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/11877-000"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00320-0","article-title":"Parental and family factors associated with problematic gaming and problematic internet use in adolescents: A systematic literature review","volume":"7","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650203257842","article-title":"Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being","volume":"30","author":"Caplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152318","article-title":"Rules, role models or overall climate at home? Relative associations of different family aspects with adolescents\u2019 problematic social media use","volume":"116","author":"Geurts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.68","article-title":"Bidirectional effects of internet-specific parenting practices and compulsive social media and internet game use","volume":"7","author":"Koning","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Eijnden, R.J.J.M., Geurts, S.M., Ter Bogt, T.F.M., Van der Rijst, V.G., and Koning, I.M. (2021). Social media use and adolescents\u2019 sleep: A longitudinal study on the protective role of parental rules regarding Internet use before sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031346"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laki\u0107, N., and Bernik, A.; (2023). C\u0306ep, A. Addiction and Spending in Gacha Games. Information, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/info14070399"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-020-01037-y","article-title":"Machine learning, artificial neural networks and social research","volume":"55","author":"Santurro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03659-0","article-title":"Integrating explanation and prediction in computational social science","volume":"595","author":"Hofman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1214\/10-STS330","article-title":"To Explain or to Predict?","volume":"25","author":"Shmueli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","article-title":"A network theory of mental disorders","volume":"16","author":"Borsboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X17002266","article-title":"Brain disorders? Not really: Why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research","volume":"42","author":"Borsboom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167","article-title":"A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks","volume":"23","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000379","article-title":"Technology-mediated addictive behaviors constitute a spectrum of related yet distinct conditions: A network perspective","volume":"32","author":"Baggio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.02.002","article-title":"Negative influences of Facebook use through the lens of network analysis","volume":"96","author":"Faelens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107086","article-title":"A network analysis approach to the relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO), smartphone addiction, and social networking site use among a sample of Chinese university students","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.05.005","article-title":"A network-based classification framework for predicting treatment response of schizophrenia patients","volume":"109","author":"Esfahlani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.038","article-title":"The Social Media Disorder Scale: Validity and psychometric properties","volume":"61","author":"Lemmens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-014-9344-9","article-title":"Reporting the use of multiple imputation for missing data in higher education research","volume":"56","author":"Manly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03060728","article-title":"De ontwikkeling en toetsing van de ADHD vragenlijst","volume":"20","author":"Scholte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kind Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290100065011","article-title":"Epidemiology of depressive mood in adolescents: An empirical study","volume":"39","author":"Kandel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034391123010","article-title":"Initial development of the student\u2019s life satisfaction scale","volume":"12","author":"Huebner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ciarrochi, J., and Bilich, L. (1965). Rosenberg. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, University of Wollongong."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harter, S. (1985). Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents: Manual and Questionnaires, University of Denver.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05338-000"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802108162","article-title":"Development and validation of the Childhood Narcissism Scale","volume":"90","author":"Thomaes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baams, L., Van de Bongardt, D., and Doornwaard, S.M. (2017). Codebook Project Stars: Studies on trajectories of adolescent relationships and sexuality. Romantic Relationships and Sexuality in Adolescence and Young Adulthood, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315456454"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9347-8","article-title":"Compulsive Internet use among adolescents: Bidirectional parent\u2013child relationships","volume":"38","author":"Spijkerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauritzen, S.L. (1996). Graphical Models, Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198522195.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Friedman, J., Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R. (2025, June 29). Glasso: Graphical Lasso: Estimation of Gaussian Graphical Models. CRAN, Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=glasso."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002300","article-title":"Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample","volume":"46","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22871","article-title":"Core psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A network analysis","volume":"51","author":"Forrest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106645","article-title":"Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: Investigating directionality and mediating processes","volume":"116","author":"Boer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294120934706","article-title":"Predictors of problematic social media use: Personality and life-position indicators","volume":"124","author":"Sheldon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719864660","article-title":"Trajectories of depressive symptoms in adolescence: The interplay of maternal emotion regulation difficulties and youth ADHD symptomatology","volume":"25","author":"Oddo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr1002_4","article-title":"Impulsivity and the self-defeating behavior of narcissists","volume":"10","author":"Vazire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033","article-title":"Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model","volume":"71","author":"Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","article-title":"Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network","volume":"125","author":"Robinaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/7\/567\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:03:01Z","timestamp":1760032981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/7\/567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["info16070567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16070567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}