{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1768316497653,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Fund of China","award":["21VMZ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21VMZ010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuously enhanced generative capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) are challenging the existing patent system. There are still some issues, such as whether AI can be considered an inventor, whether technical solutions generated by AI are patentable, and how ownership should be allocated. AI-generated technical solutions fall under the category of patentable subject matter. Specifically, if they meet the requirements of the \u201cthree criteria,\u201d they can become the subject of patent rights. Regarding the issue of AI\u2019s eligibility as an inventor, a parallel technical generation registration system for AI should be established, with the current inventor system maintained in parallel. Concerning patent ownership issues, the assignable subjects of patent rights should be limited to the binary subjects of users and investors. Contractual agreements should take precedence to ensure contractual freedom, and ownership should generally be attributed to the user if no agreement exists. Additionally, a specialized fast-track review and authorization mechanism should be designed for AI-generated technical solutions, given the unique nature of AI-generated solutions. Moreover, their protection periods should be appropriately shortened to ensure a balance of interests. Furthermore, a disclosure system should be built across the entire lifecycle to prevent and mitigate risks that may arise during the machine generation of technical solutions, patent applications, patent authorizations, and dissemination stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16080629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:28:09Z","timestamp":1753352889000},"page":"629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Patentability of AI-Generated Technical Solutions and Institutional Responses: Chinese Perspective vs. Other Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shemin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strueco.2024.12.006","article-title":"Is artificial intelligence leading to a new technological paradigm?","volume":"72","author":"Damioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Struct. Chang. Econ. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06735-9","article-title":"Scaling deep learning for materials discovery","volume":"7990","author":"Merchant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"144","article-title":"Research on Authorization of Artificial Intelligence Participating in Invention","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Prog. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lee, K.F. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order, Harper Business."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"12","article-title":"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955","volume":"27","author":"McCarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"87","article-title":"The Dartmouth College artificial intelligence conference: The next fifty years","volume":"27","author":"Moor","year":"2006","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholami, H. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Sustainable Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems: An AI-Powered Decision-Making Application Using Large Language Models. Big Data Cogn. Comput., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc8110152"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"104","article-title":"An Outstanding Scientist of Artificial Intelligence: Marvin Lee Minsky","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dialectics Nat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-06-2013-0075","article-title":"Statistical thinking in the quality movement \u00b125 years","volume":"25","author":"Coleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"TQM J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-016-2236-y","article-title":"Big Data and supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"270","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-10-2019-0243","article-title":"Role of Artificial Intelligence in Operations Environment: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Dhamija","year":"2020","journal-title":"TQM J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Russell, S., and Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice-Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (2025, July 12). Inventing AI Tracing the Diffusion of Artificial Intelligence with U.S. Patents, Available online: https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/OCE-DH-AI.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2966\/scrip.130316.305","article-title":"Computers as inventors-legal and policy implications of artificial intelligence on patent law","volume":"13","author":"Fraser","year":"2016","journal-title":"SCRIPTed"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"24","article-title":"An Patent Law Inquiry into Artificial Intelligence to Generate Invention","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"128","article-title":"Institutional arrangements and legal regulation in age of artificial intelligence","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Law (J. Northwest Univ. Political Sci. Law)"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"40","article-title":"Research on the creative judgment standard of the technical scheme generated by artificial intelligence","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intellect. Prop."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"144","article-title":"Research on the Patent Protection System for Inventions Generated by AI","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hunan Univ. (Soc. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"97","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and innovation: The end of patent law as we know it","volume":"23","author":"Dornis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J. Law Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1017\/S0008197321000507","article-title":"Human Inventorship in European Patent Law","volume":"80","year":"2021","journal-title":"Camb. Law J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"635","article-title":"Intellectual property rights for hubots: On the legal implications of human-like robots as innovators and creators","volume":"35","author":"Khoury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardozo Arts Ent. L.J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"346","article-title":"Patentability of Artificial Intelligence Generated Technology Solutions and its Institutional Response","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peking Univ. Law J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, R. (2020). The Reasonable Robot: Artificial Intelligence and the Law, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108631761"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01391-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence is breaking patent law","volume":"605","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"69","article-title":"On the Patentability and Ownership of Technological Achievements Brought About by Artificial Intelligence","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"69","article-title":"Regulation of patent application behaviour: The principle of honesty and credit in the fourth revised draft of the patent law","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intellect. Prop."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Challenge and Countermeasure of Artificial Intelligence to Patent Protection System","volume":"50","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanchang Univ. (Humanit. Soc. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"114","article-title":"On the Patentability and Ownership of Artificial Intelligence-generated Inventions","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Prog. Policy"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1079","article-title":"I think, therefore I invent: Creative computers and the future of patent law","volume":"57","author":"Abbott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Boston Coll. Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"19","article-title":"Inventorship: Why AI Is Not Smart Enough Yet","volume":"286","author":"Horton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manag. Intellect. Prop."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"128","article-title":"The Challenge of Artificial Intelligence to the Inventor System and Its Countermeasures","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forum Sci. Technol. China"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"47","article-title":"On the ethical justice of the distribution of patent rights and interests","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intellect. Prop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2966\/scrip.130316.334","article-title":"Artificial Invention: Mind the Machine","volume":"13","author":"Basheer","year":"2016","journal-title":"SCRIPTed"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"447","article-title":"AI: Artificial Inventor or the Real Deal?","volume":"22","author":"Comer","year":"2020","journal-title":"North Carol. J. Law Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"53","article-title":"Preliminary Exploration on AI\u2019s Impacts on Patent System","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Invent. Pat."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"EPO (2025, May 03). Report of IP5 Expert Round Table on Artificial Intelligence. Available online: https:\/\/www.fiveipoffices.org\/news\/20190725_IP5_AI_report."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Federal Court of Australia (2024, November 04). Thaler v Commissioner of Patents [2021] FCA 879. Available online: https:\/\/artificialinventor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Thaler-v-Commissioner-of-Patents-2021-FCA-879.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"97","article-title":"Structural Reform of Inventor System in Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Posts Telecommun. (Soc. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"IPO (2024, November 04). UK. Patent Decision, Available online: https:\/\/www.ipo.gov.uk\/p-challengedecision-results\/o74119.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"44","article-title":"Patents in an era of infinite monkeys and artificial intelligence","volume":"19","author":"Hattenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stan. Technol. L. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Patents","volume":"11","author":"Aloun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Res. Soc. Sci. Humanit. (IJRRSSH)"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"101994","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy","volume":"57","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.53955\/jhcls.v3i2.69","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and intellectual property protection in Indonesia and Japan","volume":"3","author":"Saputra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Rights Cult. Leg. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"76","article-title":"Patentability of Technological Solutions Generated by Artificial Intelligence","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit. Law"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"25","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and inventorship under the patent law regime: Practical development from common law jurisdictions","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vietnam. J. Leg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"56","article-title":"Between the future or just utopia: A critical analysis of the legal personhood of artificial intelligence on the claim as a patent inventor","volume":"2","author":"Azis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Leg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Role of Patent (In) Eligibility in Promoting Artificial Intelligence Innovation","volume":"92","author":"Datzov","year":"2023","journal-title":"UMKC Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114542","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence in innovation management: A preview of future research developments","volume":"175","author":"Mariani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"211","article-title":"A compulsory solution to the machine problem: Recognizing artificial intelligence as inventors in patent law","volume":"25","author":"Merritt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vand. J. Ent. Technol. L."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"916","article-title":"AI and IP: Theory to policy and back again\u2013policy and research recommendations at the intersection of artificial intelligence and Intellectual Property","volume":"54","author":"Picht","year":"2023","journal-title":"IIC-Int. Rev. Intellect. Prop. Compet. Law"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/0486613415586992","article-title":"The tragedy of the anticommons in knowledge","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Radic. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"187","article-title":"Research on Content Identification Obligation of Generative Artificial Intelligence","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud. Law Bus."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"160","article-title":"Research on the Construction of Information Disclosure Mechanism for AI-Generated Content","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forum Sci. Technol. China"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"112","article-title":"Logical Updating and Institutional Optimisation of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content Labeling System","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Seek. Truth"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"130","article-title":"The Duty of Prior Art Disclosure During Patent Application","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Law (J. Northwest Univ. Political Sci. Law)"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2018.08.011","article-title":"Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change","volume":"47","author":"Schot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Policy"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/8\/629\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:08Z","timestamp":1760033708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/8\/629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["info16080629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16080629","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]}}}