{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:30Z","timestamp":1760060430218,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the use of virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the presence of dyslexia in Italian and Spanish university students. In particular, the research investigates whether VR-derived data from Silent Reading (SR) tests and self-esteem assessments can differentiate between students that are affected by dyslexia and students that are not, employing machine learning (ML) algorithms. Participants completed VR-based tasks measuring reading performance and self-esteem. A preliminary statistical analysis (t-tests and Mann\u2013Whitney tests) on these data was performed, to compare the obtained scores between individuals with and without dyslexia, revealing significant differences in completion time for the SR test, but not in accuracy, nor in self-esteem. Then, supervised ML models were trained and tested, demonstrating an ability to classify the presence\/absence of dyslexia with an accuracy of 87.5% for Italian, 66.6% for Spanish, and 75.0% for the pooled group. These findings suggest that VR and ML can effectively be used as supporting tools for assessing dyslexia, particularly by capturing differences in task completion speed, but language-specific factors may influence classification accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16090719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1755870469000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combine Virtual Reality and Machine-Learning to Identify the Presence of Dyslexia: A Cross-Linguistic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3746-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Materazzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Morciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3607-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Alcalde-Llergo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Yeguas-Bol\u00edvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing and Numerical Analysis, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7277-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zingoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juri","family":"Taborri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, April 22). 6A03-Developmental Learning Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse\/2024-01\/mms\/en#2099676649."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetti, I., Barone, M., Panetti, V., Taborri, J., Urbani, T., Zingoni, A., and Calabr\u00f2, G. (2022). Clustering analysis of factors affecting academic career of university students with dyslexia in Italy. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12985-w"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s41809-023-00128-0","article-title":"A cross-orthographic view of dyslexia identification","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cult. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1515\/flin-2018-0003","article-title":"Transparent and nontransparent languages","volume":"52","author":"Hengeveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Linguist."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"10","article-title":"The acquisition of Italian orthography","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Cossu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Learning to Read and Write: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2017.11.016","article-title":"How social support influences university students\u2019 academic achievement and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of self-esteem","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"33","article-title":"A study of the relationship between quality of life, self-esteem and health","volume":"19","author":"Kermode","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnellan, M.B., Trzesniewski, K.H., and Robins, R.W. (2015). Measures of self-esteem. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386915-9.00006-1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. J. Relig. Health.","DOI":"10.1037\/t01038-000"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2012.9.1.54","article-title":"A comparison of reliability and construct validity between the original and revised versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale","volume":"9","author":"Tinakon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2466\/15.10.PR0.111.6.952-962","article-title":"Self-esteem at school and self-handicapping in childhood: Comparison of groups with learning disabilities","volume":"111","author":"Alesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2007.00185.x","article-title":"General and domain-specific self-esteem among regular education and special education students","volume":"37","author":"Conley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.30877\/IJMH.3.3.2015.306-310","article-title":"A study on self-esteem and adjustment in children with learning disability","volume":"2","author":"Parshurami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.30877\/IJMH.6.4.2019.368-376","article-title":"The Relationship between Anxiety, Depression and Self-esteem in Adolescents with Learning Disability","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0952-3383.2005.00378.x","article-title":"Factors associated with successful learning in pupils with dyslexia: A motivational analysis","volume":"32","author":"Burden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.30877\/IJMH.3.3.2016.271-277","article-title":"A study on perceived social support and self esteem in children with and without learning disability","volume":"3","author":"Pathrikar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"33","article-title":"Early identification of dyslexia: Current advancements and future directions","volume":"44","author":"Catts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Lang. Lit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., Panetti, V., Bonechi, S., Aparicio-Mart\u00ednez, P., Pinzi, S., and Calabr\u00f2, G. (2021). Investigating issues and needs of dyslexic students at university: Proof of concept of an artificial intelligence and virtual reality-based supporting platform and preliminary results. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104624"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., and Calabr\u00f2, G. (2024). A machine learning-based classification model to support university students with dyslexia with personalized tools and strategies. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50879-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123738","article-title":"Use of recommendation models to provide support to dyslexic students","volume":"249","author":"Morciano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-022-09856-w","article-title":"The same yet different: Oral and silent reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"51","author":"Bazen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psycholinguist. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.14.2.1","article-title":"Silent versus reading out loud modes: An eye-tracking study","volume":"14","author":"Smyrnakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1072498","article-title":"Silent reading fluency: Implications for the assessment of adults with developmental dyslexia","volume":"37","author":"Gagliano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hairrell, A., Edmonds, M., Vaughn, S., and Simmons, D. (2010). Independent silent reading for struggling readers: Pitfalls and potential. Revisiting Silent Reading: New Directions for Teachers and Researchers, International Reading Association.","DOI":"10.1598\/0833.16"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000452","article-title":"Understanding, educating, and supporting children with specific learning disabilities: 50 years of science and practice","volume":"75","author":"Grigorenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000764","article-title":"Validation of the Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL): An immersive virtual reality neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity","volume":"27","author":"Kourtesis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2019.09.006","article-title":"Virtual reality experience: Immersion, sense of presence, and cybersickness","volume":"38","author":"Servotte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Simul. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X.P., Li, B.B., Yao, Z.N., Yang, Z., and Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of virtual reality on student engagement in the classroom\u2014A critical review of the literature. Front. Psychol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1360574"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drigas, A., Mitsea, E., and Skianis, C. (2022). Virtual reality and metacognition training techniques for learning disabilities. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610170"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcalde-Llergo, J.M., Yeguas-Bol\u00edvar, E., Aparicio-Mart\u00ednez, P., Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., and Pinzi, S. (2023, January 25\u201327). A VR serious game to increase empathy towards students with phonological dyslexia. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), Milano, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE58569.2023.10405809"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcalde-Llergo, J.M., Aparicio-Mart\u00ednez, P., Zingoni, A., Pinzi, S., and Yeguas-Bol\u00edvar, E. (2025). Fostering Inclusion: A Virtual Reality Experience to Raise Awareness of Dyslexia-Related Barriers in University Settings. Electronics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14050829"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.330","article-title":"DiscoVR: Results of a multicenter RCT on a social cognitive virtual reality training to enhance social cognition in psychosis","volume":"65","author":"Pijnenborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i09.19653","article-title":"Using virtual reality (VR) in teaching students with dyslexia","volume":"16","author":"Maskati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maresca, G., Leonardi, S., De Cola, M.C., Giliberto, S., Di Cara, M., Corallo, F., Quartarone, A., and Pidal\u00e0, A. (2022). Use of virtual reality in children with dyslexia. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111621"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maresca, G., Corallo, F., De Cola, M.C., Formica, C., Giliberto, S., Rao, G., Crupi, M.F., Quartarone, A., and Pidal\u00e0, A. (2024). Effectiveness of the Use of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation in Children with Dyslexia: Follow-Up after One Year. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070655"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3496087","article-title":"Dyslexia Analysis and Diagnosis Based on Eye Movement","volume":"32","author":"Vaitheeshwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalkiadakis, A., Seremetaki, A., Kanellou, A., Kallishi, M., Morfopoulou, A., Moraitaki, M., and Mastrokoukou, S. (2024). Impact of artificial intelligence and virtual reality on educational inclusion: A systematic review of technologies supporting students with disabilities. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14111223"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16693","DOI":"10.2196\/16693","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality and non\u2013virtual reality exercises on the exercise capacity and concentration of users in a ski exergame: Comparative study","volume":"8","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372044","article-title":"VR.net: A real-world dataset for virtual reality motion sickness research","volume":"30","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.02.015","article-title":"Feasibility of using a fully immersive virtual reality system for kinematic data collection","volume":"87","author":"Spitzley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"97","article-title":"Machine learning and Dyslexia: Diagnostic and classification system (DCS) for kids with learning disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.03.014","article-title":"Machine learning and dyslexia: Classification of individual structural neuro-imaging scans of students with and without dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Tamboer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142o\u0144ski, P., Gradkowski, W., Marchewka, A., Jednor\u00f3g, K., and Bogorodzki, P. (2014). Dealing with the heterogeneous multi-site neuroimaging data sets: A discrimination study of children dyslexia. Proceedings of the Brain Informatics and Health: International Conference, BIH 2014, Warsaw, Poland, 11\u201314 August 2014, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09891-3_43"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23426","article-title":"Multi-parameter machine learning approach to the neuroanatomical basis of developmental dyslexia","volume":"38","author":"Gradkowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124990","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3444483","article-title":"From sample poverty to rich feature learning: A new metric learning method for few-shot classification","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeguas-Bol\u00edvar, E., Alcalde-Llergo, J.M., Aparicio-Mart\u00ednez, P., Taborri, J., Zingoni, A., and Pinzi, S. (2022, January 26\u201328). Determining the difficulties of students with dyslexia via virtual reality and artificial intelligence: An exploratory analysis. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967589"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Materazzini, M., Morciano, G., Alcalde-Llergo, J.M., Yeguas-Bolivar, E., Zingoni, A., and Taborri, J. (2024, January 21\u201323). VR-based Silent Reading and Rosenberg Tests: Machine-Learning Approach to Identify Learning Disorders. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), St Albans, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE62247.2024.10797202"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingoni, A., Morciano, G., Alcalde-Llergo, J.M., Taborri, J., Yeguas-Bolivar, E., Aparicio-Martinez, P., Pinzi, S., and Calabro, G. (2024, January 21\u201323). VRAIlexia project: Provide customized support to university students with dyslexia using Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), St Albans, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE62247.2024.10796149"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"35","article-title":"SuperReading: Ulteriori prove di efficacia rilevate con i test di valutazione per l\u2019adulto","volume":"15","author":"Santulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dislessia"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ciuffo, M., Angelini, D., Barletta Rodolfi, C., Gagliano, A., Ghidoni, E., and Stella, G. (2018). BDA 16-30 Batteria Dislessia Adulti, Giunti Psychometrics S.r.l."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2025, April 22). VRAIlexia. Available online: https:\/\/vrailexia.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12530","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12530","article-title":"It\u2019s about time: Revisiting temporal processing deficits in dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"Casini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2020.1765756","article-title":"Defining and understanding dyslexia: Past, present and future","volume":"46","author":"Snowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxf. Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-020-00195-w","article-title":"Adults with dyslexia: How can they achieve academic success despite impairments in basic reading and writing abilities? The role of text structure sensitivity as a compensatory skill","volume":"70","author":"Moojen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1603543","article-title":"Protective factors and compensation in resolving dyslexia","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112117","article-title":"Self-esteem in male and female college students: Does childhood\/adolescence background matter more than young-adulthood conditions?","volume":"206","author":"Arsandaux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.010","article-title":"The relationship of negative life events, trait-anxiety and depression among Chinese university students: A moderated effect of self-esteem","volume":"339","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajeswari, S., and Kumari, D.A. (2024, January 28\u201329). Role of Environmental, Social and Governance on Firm Value using Support Vector Machine. Proceedings of the 2024 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computation, Communication and Information Technology (ICAICCIT), Faridabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICCIT64383.2024.10912199"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109126","article-title":"Support vector machine in structural reliability analysis: A review","volume":"233","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3349","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.3349","article-title":"Machine learning in prediction of intrinsic aqueous solubility of drug-like compounds: Generalization, complexity, or predictive ability?","volume":"35","author":"Spataru","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chemom."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/9\/719\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:02Z","timestamp":1760034842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/9\/719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["info16090719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16090719","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]}}}