{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:42:18Z","timestamp":1783438938883,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023LZH017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023LZH017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MF066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MF066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023LZH017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023LZH017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MF066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MF066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing deployment of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms in scenarios such as disaster response, environmental monitoring, and military reconnaissance, the need for secure and scalable formation control has become critical. Traditional centralized architectures face challenges such as limited scalability, communication bottlenecks, and single points of failure in large-scale swarm coordination. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based decentralized formation control framework that integrates smart contracts to manage UAV registration, identity authentication, formation assignment, and positional coordination. The system follows a leader\u2013follower structure, where the leader broadcasts formation tasks via on-chain events, while followers respond in real-time through event-driven mechanisms. A parameterized control model based on dynamic angle and distance adjustments is employed to support various formations, including V-shape, line, and circular configurations. The transformation from relative to geographic positions is achieved using Haversine and Euclidean methods. Experimental validation in a simulated environment demonstrates that the proposed method achieves lower communication latency and better responsiveness compared to polling-based schemes, while offering enhanced scalability and robustness. This work provides a feasible and secure decentralized control solution for future UAV swarm systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16090768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1757058377000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Secure Communication and Dynamic Formation Control of Intelligent Drone Swarms Using Blockchain Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huayu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Oil & Gas Industrial Software, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Oil & Gas Industrial Software, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"Library of Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Oil & Gas Industrial Software, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, C.W. 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