{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:07:08Z","timestamp":1784131628174,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2023 Higher Education Research Planning Project by the China Association of Higher Education","award":["23XXK0402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XXK0402"]}]},{"name":"2025 Sichuan Provincial Innovative Experimental Project for Undergraduate Universities","award":["143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["143"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Industry\u2013University Cooperative Education Program","award":["230903879055748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230903879055748"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Network Culture Research Center, a Key Research Base for Social Sciences in Sichuan Province","award":["WLWH23-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WLWH23-21"]}]},{"name":"Neijiang Municipal Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project","award":["NJ2025ZD007;NJ2025YB042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJ2025ZD007;NJ2025YB042"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Research Center for Educational Informatization Application and Development","award":["JYXX23-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYXX23-013"]}]},{"name":"University-level educational research project at Neijiang Normal University","award":["JG202413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JG202413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In evaluating classroom teaching quality, students\u2019 attention assessment is a critical indicator in education management, as it holds significant practical value for improving teaching methods and instructional quality. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can monitor dynamic neural activity in the brain in real time. Their objectivity and non-invasive nature make them particularly suitable for attention assessment in classroom environments. This article first provides a brief overview of existing attention assessment methods, and then presents a comprehensive review of the current research status and methodologies in EEG-based attention assessment, including signal acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction and selection, classification, and evaluation. Subsequently, the challenges in EEG-based teaching attention assessment are discussed, including the acquisition of high-quality signals, multimodal data fusion, complexity of data, and hardware setups for deep learning method implementation. Finally, a multimodal classroom attention assessment method, which integrates EEG and eye movement signals, is proposed to enhance teaching management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16100860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1759763106000},"page":"860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Survey of EEG-Based Approaches to Classroom Attention Assessment in Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lijun","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Music, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4197-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7134-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-005-8150-9","article-title":"Student engagement and student learning: Testing the linkages","volume":"47","author":"Carini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. 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