{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:16:31Z","timestamp":1781529391014,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101132308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101132308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces the concept of evolving actor\u2013network ontologies (EANO) as a new paradigm for cultural digital twins. Building on actor\u2013network theory, EANO reframes ontologies from static representations into reflexive, dynamic structures in which semantic interpretations are continuously negotiated among heterogeneous actors. We propose a five-layer architecture that operationalizes this principle, embedding reflexivity, actor salience, and systemic parameters such as resistance and volatility directly into the ontological model. To illustrate this approach, we present minimal simulations that demonstrate how different actor constellations and systemic conditions lead to distinct patterns of semantic evolution, ranging from expert erosion to contested equilibria and balanced coexistence. Rather than serving as predictive models, these simulations exemplify how EANO captures semantic plurality and contestation within a transparent and interpretable framework. The contribution of this work is thus twofold: it provides a conceptual foundation for evolving ontologies in digital heritage and a lightweight demonstration of how such models can be instantiated and explored computationally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16100892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards Evolving Actor\u2013Network Ontologies: Enabling Reflexive Digital Twins for Cultural Heritage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9909-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Pavlidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4320-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Arampatzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Sevetlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anestis","family":"Koutsoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3607-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotis","family":"Arnaoutoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6230-7030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Alexis","family":"Ioannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8501-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chairi","family":"Kiourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athena Research Center, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pavlidis, G., Koutsoudis, A., Tsiafaki, D., Sevetlidis, V., Arampatzakis, V., Karta, M., Sarris, A., Polidorou, M., Klinkenberg, V., and Boukhers, Z. 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