{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:33:21Z","timestamp":1784932401070,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-124502OB-C42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124502OB-C42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing importance of data as a driver of the digital economy is promoting the creation of data spaces for the secure and controlled exchange of data between organizations. Data governance is emerging as an essential pillar to ensure efficient, ethical and transparent access and use of data in these ecosystems. The article reviews the state of the art to identify the specific requirements that data governance must address in data spaces and proposes a reference enterprise architecture to facilitate the design, development and implementation of a data governance system for a data space scenario. The proposed framework has already been formally defined and validated in the context of Industry 4.0, and is now adapted to the particular characteristics and needs of data spaces. This architecture focuses on key aspects of data governance in data spaces, such as new requirements, principles, organization, roles and responsibilities, and data quality, security and metadata management, as well as the data lifecycle in the data space. This research contributes to guiding data space government bodies to formalize data strategies and high-level governance principles in concrete architectural components that establish the capacities to be implemented within the data ecosystem. To support practical adoption, this work also provides clarifying examples of different blocks of architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16110927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Architecture Building Blocks for Data Governance in Data Spaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-8834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Zorrilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica y Electr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005 Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yebenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica y Electr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005 Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curry, E., Scerri, S., and Tuikka, T. (2022). Data Spaces: Design, Deployment, and Future Directions. Data Spaces, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98636-0"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Reiberg, A., Niebel, C., and Kraemer, P. (2022). What is a Data Space?. White Paper 1\/2022, Gaia-X Hub Germany."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Data Spaces Support Centre (2024, November 25). What Is a Data Space?. Available online: https:\/\/dssc.eu\/space\/bv15e\/766061351\/Introduction+-+Key+Concepts+of+Data+Spaces#What-about-a-Definition?."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"International Data Spaces Association (IDSA) (2021). Design Principles for Data Spaces\u2014Position Paper, Open Dei."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Data Office (2024). Plan de Actuaciones Para el Despliegue de Espacios de Datos."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gaia-X European Association for Data and Cloud AISBL (2022). Gaia-X-Architecture Document\u201422.04 Release, Gaia-X European Association for Data."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Braun, R., Laa, B., and Rohatsch, L. (2022, January 1\u20133). Governance challenges of urban dataspace\u2014Transdisciplinary perspectives. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the Eu-SPRI 2022 Conference Challenging Science and Innovation Policy, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"International Data Spaces Association (IDSA) (2025, September 11). IDS-RAM 4. IDSA Reference Architecture V4.0, Available online: https:\/\/docs.internationaldataspaces.org\/ids-knowledgebase\/ids-ram-4\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto, B., Steinbu\u00df, S., Teuscher, A., and Lohmann, S. (2019). International Data Spaces Association. Reference Architecture Model. V3.0, International Data Spaces Association.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-58134-6_8"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Minghini, M., Kotsev, A., Posada, M., and Signorelli, S. (2023). Scientific Insights into Data Sharing and Utilisation at Scale, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritzenk\u00f6tter, J., Hohoff, L., Pierri, P., Verhulst, S.G., Young, A., and Zacharzewski, A. (2022). Governing the Environment-Related Data Space, European Union.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4250166"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"DAMA International (2017). DAMA-DMBOK2: Data Management Body of Knowledge, Technics Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1515693.1515696","article-title":"One Size Does Not Fit All\u2014A Contingency Approach to Data Governance","volume":"1","author":"Weber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Data Inf. Qual."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2020, October 23). MDM Institute MDM Institute\u2014Data Governance Definition. Available online: http:\/\/www.tcdii.com\/whatIsDataGovernance.html."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Gray, C., and IBM Corporation (2011). An overview of data governance elevator Pitch (Final), IBM Corporation."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-011-0162-8","article-title":"Data governance (Otto)","volume":"3","author":"Otto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torre-Bastida, A.I., Gil, G., Mi\u00f1\u00f3n, R., and D\u00edaz-de-Arcaya, J. (2022). Technological perspective of data governance in data space ecosystems. Data Spaces: Design, Deployment and Future Directions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98636-0_4"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yebenes, J. (2022). Marco para la Construcci\u00f3n de Sistemas de Gobernanza de Datos en Entornos de Industria 4.0, Universidad de Cantabria."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2021.9480156","article-title":"A Data Governance Framework for Industry 4.0","volume":"19","author":"Yebenes","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"103595","article-title":"A reference framework for the implementation of Data Governance Systems for Industry 4.0","volume":"81","author":"Yebenes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudoit, A. (2023). European Common Data Spaces: A Structuring Initiative That Is Necessary and Adaptable to Canada, CIRANO.","DOI":"10.54932\/SKHP9567"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation (AIOTI) (2022). Guidance for the Integration of IoT and Edge Computing in Data Spaces, Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.53829\/ntr202304fa6","article-title":"Data Governance for Achieving Data Sharing in the IOWN Era","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"NTT Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerging models of data governance in the age of datafication","volume":"2020","author":"Micheli","year":"2020","journal-title":"BIG DATA Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1145\/3512341","article-title":"A federated infrastructure for European data spaces","volume":"65","author":"Otto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firdausy, D.R., De Alencar Silva, P., Van Sinderen, M., and Iacob, M.E. (2022, January 15\u201317). Towards a Reference Enterprise Architecture to enforce Digital Sovereignty in International Data Spaces. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBI54897.2022.00020"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/17517575.2014.932013","article-title":"Developing enterprise collaboration: A methodology to implement and improve interoperability","volume":"10","author":"Daclin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enterp. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149875","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3476373","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Recent Literature on Data Governance (2017\u20132023)","volume":"12","author":"Michal","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hutterer, A., and Krumay, B. (2024, January 4\u20136). Scopes of Governance in Data Spaces Scopes of Governance in Data Spaces. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solmaz, G., Cirillo, F., F\u00fcrst, J., Jacobs, T., Bauer, M., Kovacs, E., Santana, J.R., and S\u00e1nchez, L. (2022, January 22). Enabling data spaces: Existing developments and challenges. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Data Economy, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3565011.3569058"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Gaia-X European Association for Data and Cloud AISBL (2024, November 02). GAIA-X Architecture Document\u201420.04. Available online: https:\/\/docs.gaia-x.eu\/technical-committee\/architecture-document\/24.04\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curry, E., Tuikka, T., Metzger, A., Zillner, S., Bertels, N., Ducuing, C., Dalle Carbonare, D., Gusmeroli, S., Scerri, S., and L\u00f3pez de Vallejo, I. (2022). Data Sharing Spaces: The BDVA Perspective. Designing Data Spaces, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93975-5_22"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuno, S., Bruns, L., Tcholtchev, N., L\u00e4mmel, P., and Schieferdecker, I. (2019). Data governance and sovereignty in urban data spaces based on standardized ICT reference architectures. Data, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/data4010016"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curry, E. (2019). Real-Time Linked Dataspaces: Enabling Data Ecosystems for Intelligent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29665-0"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Datos.gob.es (2024, November 05). The Dataspaces Starter Kit. Available online: https:\/\/datos.gob.es\/en\/blog\/dataspaces-starter-kit."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Data Spaces Support Centre (2024, November 05). Data Spaces Blueprint v1.5\u2014Home. Available online: https:\/\/dssc.eu\/space\/BBE\/178422141\/Data+Sharing+Governance."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"The Open Group (2018). TOGAF\u00ae Standard Version 9.2, The Open Group."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2018). Implications of ISO\/IEC 38505-1 for Data Management (Standard No. ISO ISO\/IEC 38505-2)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felici, M., Koulouris, T., and Pearson, S. (2013, January 2\u20135). Accountability for Data Governance in Cloud Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudCom.2013.157"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Gao, T., Niu, D., and Zhang, H. (2022, January 4\u20136). Research on Collaborative Governance of Data Security in the Whole Life Cycle of Electric Power Manufacturing Data Space. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD54268.2022.9776120"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ballard, C., Baldwin, J., Baryudin, A., Brunell, G., Giardina, C., Haber, M., O\u2019neill, E.A., and Shah, S. (2014). IBM Information Governance Solutions, IBM Corporation."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2023.24","article-title":"Informing the Global Data Future: Benchmarking Data Governance Frameworks","volume":"5","author":"Marcucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Data Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"23","article-title":"Agreements Between Enterprises Digitized By Smart Contracts in the Domain of Industry 4.0","volume":"10","author":"Wallis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol. (CS IT)"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"UNE Normalizaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola (2025). UNE 0087 Definici\u00f3n y Caracterizaci\u00f3n Espacios de Datos, UNE Normalizaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tardieu, H. (2022). Role of Gaia-X in the European Data Space Ecosystem. Designing Data Spaces, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93975-5_4"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Object Management Group (OMG) (2025, October 15). Reusable Asset Specification, Version 2.2, no. November. 2005. Available online: https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/RAS\/2.2\/PDF."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2016). Data Quality\u2014Process Reference Model (Standard No. ISO 8000-61)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2024.102190","article-title":"Understanding the development of public data ecosystems: From a conceptual model to a six-generation model of the evolution of public data ecosystems","volume":"94","author":"Lnenicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"The Open Group (2025, October 15). ArchiMate\u00ae 3.1 Specification. 2019, pp. 1\u2013206. Available online: https:\/\/www.opengroup.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/downloads\/n190p_5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2011). Systems and Software Engineering\u2014Architecture Description (Standard No. ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 42010:2011)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Object Management Group (OMG) (2025, October 15). OMG\u00ae Unified Modeling Language\u00ae (OMG UML\u00ae) V2.5.1, no. December, p. 796, 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/UML\/2.5.1\/PDF."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2017). Application of ISO\/IEC 38500 to the Governance of Data (Standard No. ISO ISO\/IEC 38505-1)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2024.102280","article-title":"Issues in inter-organizational data sharing: Findings from practice and research challenges","volume":"150","author":"Jussen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2025.2451250","article-title":"Data spaces as meta-organisations","volume":"34","author":"Guggenberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2024.104212","article-title":"Discovering data spaces: A classification of design options","volume":"164","author":"Schoormann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00724-0","article-title":"Industrial data ecosystems and data spaces","volume":"34","author":"Jussen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2025.111838","article-title":"Best Practices to overcome challenges and barriers during the implementation of a data space for the energy domain: An experience report","volume":"61","author":"Copei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Data Br."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/11\/927\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:20:50Z","timestamp":1761279650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/11\/927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["info16110927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16110927","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}}}