{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:54:15Z","timestamp":1772492055842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Participatory modeling requires combining individual views to create a shared conceptual model. While remote collaboration tools have enabled synchronous online modeling, they are limited to desktop settings. Augmented reality (AR) offers a new approach by potentially providing the sense of presence found in physical collaboration, which may better support participants in achieving the sense of presence found in physical locations, thus supporting them in negotiating meaning and building a shared model. (2) Methods: Building on prior works that developed technology, we performed a usability study with pairs of modelers to examine their ability at performing key conceptual modeling tasks (e.g., merging or deleting concepts) in AR. Our study pays particular attention to the time spent on these tasks and distinguishes how long it takes to perform the action (as enabled by the technology) from how long the participants discussed the action (e.g., to jointly decide whether a new concept should be created). (3) Results: Users completed every task and rated the usability from 3.68 (creating an edge) to 4.37 (finding a node) on a scale from 1 (very difficult) to 5 (very easy). (4) Conclusions: Low familiarity with AR and high time per task limits adoption for conceptual modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16110952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:30:27Z","timestamp":1762198227000},"page":"952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Are We Ready for Synchronous Conceptual Modeling in Augmented Reality? A Usability Study on Causal Maps with HoloLens 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anish","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Giabbanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, S., Arbez, G., Birta, L.G., Tolk, A., and Wagner, G. (2015, January 6\u20139). Conceptual modeling: Definition, purpose and benefits. Proceedings of the 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), Huntington Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2015.7408386"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalheim, B. (2011). The enhanced entity-relationship model. Handbook of Conceptual Modeling: Theory, Practice, and Research Challenges, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15865-0_6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-023-01110-8","article-title":"Business process modeling language selection for research modelers","volume":"23","author":"Farshidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00850-7","article-title":"Evaluating BPMN Extensions for Continuous Processes Based on Use Cases and Expert Interviews","volume":"66","author":"Strutzenberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gogolla, M. (2011). UML and OCL in Conceptual Modeling. Handbook of Conceptual Modeling: Theory, Practice, and Research Challenges, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15865-0_4"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallecillo, A., and Gogolla, M. (2020, January 3\u20136). Modeling behavioral deontic constraints using UML and OCL. Proceedings of the International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62522-1_10"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keet, C.M. (2023). The What and How of Modelling Information and Knowledge: From Mind Maps to Ontologies, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-39695-3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.08.028","article-title":"Tools and methods in participatory modeling: Selecting the right tool for the job","volume":"109","author":"Voinov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagiannis, D., Lee, M., Hinkelmann, K., and Utz, W. (2022). Domain-Specific Conceptual Modeling: Concepts, Methods and ADOxx Tools, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93547-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delcambre, L.M., Liddle, S.W., Pastor, O., and Storey, V.C. (2021, January 18\u201321). Articulating conceptual modeling research contributions. Proceedings of the Advances in Conceptual Modeling: ER 2021 Workshops CoMoNoS, EmpER, CMLS, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88358-4_5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.02.023","article-title":"Best practices for conceptual modelling in environmental planning and management","volume":"80","author":"Argent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nafis, F.A., Rose, A., Su, S., Chen, S., and Han, B. (2025, January 22\u201327). Are We There Yet? Unravelling Usability Challenges and Opportunities in Collaborative Immersive Analytics for Domain Experts. Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-76812-5_12"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107369","article-title":"Collaborative software design and modeling in virtual reality","volume":"166","author":"Stancek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-022-01065-2","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a collaborative uml modeling environment in virtual reality","volume":"22","author":"Yigitbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freund, A.J., and Giabbanelli, P.J. (2021, January 19\u201322). Automatically combining conceptual models using semantic and structural information. Proceedings of the 2021 Annual Modeling and Simulation Conference (ANNSIM), Fairfax, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/ANNSIM52504.2021.9552157"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, T., Giabbanelli, P.J., and Mago, V.K. (2019, January 26\u201331). The artificial facilitator: Guiding participants in developing causal maps using voice-activated technologies. Proceedings of the Augmented Cognition: 13th International Conference, AC 2019, Held as Part of the 21st HCI International Conference, HCII 2019, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22419-6_9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2023.102209","article-title":"An extended taxonomy of advanced information visualization and interaction in conceptual modeling","volume":"147","author":"Bork","year":"2023","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poppe, E., Brown, R., Johnson, D., and Recker, J. (2012, January 25\u201327). Preliminary evaluation of an augmented reality collaborative process modelling system. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Cyberworlds, Darmstadt, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/CW.2012.18"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, A., Honnings\u00f8y, S., Gr\u00f8nli, T.M., and Ghinea, G. (2017, January 7\u201310). Exploring microsoft hololens for interactive visualization of UML diagrams. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems, Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1145\/3167020.3167039"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutfi, M., and Valerdi, R. (2023). Integration of SysML and Virtual Reality Environment: A Ground Based Telescope System Example. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11040189"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberhauser, R., Baehre, M., and Sousa, P. (2023, January 3\u20135). VR-EvoEA+ BP: Using Virtual Reality to Visualize Enterprise Context Dynamics Related to Enterprise Evolution and Business Processes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Business Modeling and Software Design, Utrecht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36757-1_7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P., Shrestha, A., and Demay, L. (2024, January 3\u20136). Design and Development of a Collaborative Augmented Reality Environment for Systems Science. Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2024.071"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conceptual modeling: Topics, themes, and technology trends","volume":"55","author":"Storey","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Riemer, K., Holler, J., and Indulska, M. (2011, January 9\u201311). Collaborative process modelling-tool analysis and design implications. Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, S., and Tolvanen, J.P. (2021, January 10\u201315). Collaborative modelling and metamodelling with MetaEdit+. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS-C53483.2021.00012"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini, R., and Mussbacher, G. (2021, January 10\u201315). Towards conflict-free collaborative modelling using VS code extensions. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS-C53483.2021.00013"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gois, M.I.F. (2023). Collaborative Modelling Interaction Mechanisms. [Master\u2019s Thesis, NOVA University]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111626","article-title":"Collaborative Model-Driven Software Engineering\u2014A systematic survey of practices and needs in industry","volume":"199","author":"David","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17477778.2019.1604466","article-title":"Conceptual modelling for simulation: Progress and grand challenges","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Simul."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497231216471","article-title":"Conceptual alignment for simulation interoperability: Lessons learned from 30 years of interoperability research","volume":"100","author":"Tolk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muff, F. (2025). State-of-the-Art and Related Work. Metamodeling for Extended Reality, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-76762-3"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"User interface design research for modeling tools: A literature study","volume":"16","author":"Ternes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enterp. Model. Inf. Syst. Archit. (EMISAJ)"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-018-0517-5","article-title":"Process modeling recommender systems: A generic data model and its application to a smart glasses-based modeling environment","volume":"60","author":"Fellmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Muff, F., and Fill, H.G. (2021, January 18\u201321). Initial Concepts for Augmented and Virtual Reality-based Enterprise Modeling. Proceedings of the ER Demos\/Posters, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunschwig, L., Campos-L\u00f3pez, R., Guerra, E., and de Lara, J. (2021, January 25\u201328). Towards domain-specific modelling environments based on augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results (ICSE-NIER), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER52604.2021.00020"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101863","article-title":"Extended reality applications in industry 4.0.\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"73","author":"Reta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Survey on Synchronous Augmented, Virtual, andMixed Reality Remote Collaboration Systems","volume":"55","author":"Reis","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riihiaho, S. (2018). Usability testing. The Wiley Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118976005.ch14"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P.J., and Vesuvala, C.X. (2023). Human factors in leveraging systems science to shape public policy for obesity: A usability study. Information, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/info14030196"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidal-Balea, A., Blanco-Novoa, O., Fraga-Lamas, P., Vilar-Montesinos, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s, T.M. (2020). Creating collaborative augmented reality experiences for industry 4.0 training and assistance applications: Performance evaluation in the shipyard of the future. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10249073"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knopp, S., Klimant, P., and Allmacher, C. (2019, January 10\u201318). Industrial use case-ar guidance using hololens for assembly and disassembly of a modular mold, with live streaming for collaborative support. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2019.00-63"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2024.2352733","article-title":"Forming a view: A human factors case study of augmented reality collaboration in assembly","volume":"67","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wang, J., Hu, Y., and Yang, X. (July, January 26). Multi-person collaborative augmented reality assembly process evaluation system based on hololens. Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Online."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.05.016","article-title":"A survey on XR remote collaboration in industry","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo, R., and Kang, J. (2024, January 3\u20137). Navigating Usability Challenges in Collaborative Learning with Augmented Reality. Proceedings of the International Conference on Quantitative Ethnography, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-76332-8_6"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1177\/21695067231192199","article-title":"Collaborative augmented reality in higher education settings\u2013strategies, learning outcomes and challenges","volume":"Volume 67","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pintani, D., Caputo, A., Mendes, D., and Giachetti, A. (2023, January 20\u201322). Cider: Collaborative interior design in extended reality. Proceedings of the 15th Biannual Conference of the Italian SIGCHI Chapter, Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3605390.3605419"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vovk, A., Wild, F., Guest, W., and Kuula, T. (2018, January 23\u201326). Simulator sickness in augmented reality training using the Microsoft HoloLens. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173783"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P.J., and Tawfik, A.A. (2021). How perspectives of a system change based on exposure to positive or negative evidence. Systems, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems9020023"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2022.110192","article-title":"Development of methods for the simplification of complex group built causal loop diagrams: A case study of the Rechna doab","volume":"476","author":"Asif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Zee, D.J. (2017, January 3\u20136). Approaches for simulation model simplification. Proceedings of the 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2017.8248126"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdivia Cabrera, M., Johnstone, M., Hayward, J., Bolton, K.A., and Creighton, D. (2025). Integration of large-scale community-developed causal loop diagrams: A Natural Language Processing approach to merging factors based on semantic similarity. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22142-3"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15111","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.15111","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review of User Evaluation in Immersive Analytics","volume":"Volume 43","author":"Pointecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Vigderman, A. (2025, May 30). Virtual Reality Awareness and Adoption Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.security.org\/digital-security\/virtual-reality-annual-report\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Hu, M., and Shealy, T. (2018, January 24\u201327). Methods for measuring systems thinking: Differences between student self-assessment, concept map scores, and cortical activation during tasks about sustainability. Proceedings of the 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vona, F., Stern, M., Ashrafi, N., Koji\u0107, T., Hinzmann, S., Grieshammer, D., and Voigt-Antons, J.N. (2024, January 18\u201320). Investigating the impact of virtual element misalignment in collaborative Augmented Reality experiences. Proceedings of the 2024 16th International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), Karlshamn, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/QoMEX61742.2024.10598298"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numan, N., Brostow, G., Park, S., Julier, S., Steed, A., and Van Brummelen, J. (May, January 26). CoCreatAR: Enhancing authoring of outdoor augmented reality experiences through asymmetric collaboration. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714274"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3524082","article-title":"Design and evaluation of an augmented reality head-mounted display interface for human robot teams collaborating in physically shared manufacturing tasks","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Human-Robot Interact. (THRI)"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoogendoorn, E.M., Geerse, D.J., Helsloot, J., Coolen, B., Stins, J.F., and Roerdink, M. (2024). A larger augmented-reality field of view improves interaction with nearby holographic objects. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311804"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500004204","article-title":"Measuring social value orientation","volume":"6","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Judgm. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.02.004","article-title":"Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory\u20132: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS","volume":"68","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"100064","article-title":"A systematic literature review on user factors to support the sense of presence in virtual reality learning environments","volume":"4","author":"Wiepke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. X Real."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katifori, A., Lougiakis, C., and Roussou, M. (2022). Exploring the effect of personality traits in VR interaction: The emergent role of perspective-taking in task performance. Front. Virtual Real., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.860916"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malin, J., Winkler, S., Brade, J., and Lorenz, M. (2025). Personality Traits and Presence Barely Influence User Experience Evaluation in VR Manufacturing Applications\u2013Insights and Future Research Directions (Between-Subject Study). Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2025.2480880"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox, C., Furman, K., Jetter, A., Gray, S., and Giabbanelli, P.J. (2024). Creating an FCM with Participants in an Interview or Workshop Setting. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: Best Practices and Modern Methods, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48963-1_2"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/11\/952\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:48:40Z","timestamp":1762199320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/11\/952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["info16110952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16110952","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}