{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:51:50Z","timestamp":1781189510586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003565","name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00512799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00512799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a systematic review of ontology\u2013AI integration for construction image understanding, aiming to clarify how ontologies enhance semantic consistency, interpretability, and reasoning in AI-based visual analysis. Construction sites involve highly dynamic and unstructured conditions, making image-based hazard detection and situation assessment both essential and challenging. Ontology-based frameworks offer a structured semantic layer that can complement deep learning models; however, most existing studies adopt ontologies only as post-processing mechanisms rather than embedding them within model training or inference workflows. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search of the Web of Science Core Collection (2014\u20132025) identified 587 publications, of which 152 met the eligibility criteria, and 16 explicitly addressed construction image data. Topic modeling revealed five functional objectives\u2014regulatory compliance, hazard reasoning, decision support, knowledge reuse, and sustainability\u2014and four primary data modalities: BIM, text, image, and sensor data. Two dominant integration patterns were observed: training-stage and output-stage enhancement. While quantitative performance improvements were modest, qualitative gains were consistent across studies, including reduced false positives, improved interpretability, and enhanced situational understanding. Persistent gaps were identified in standardization, scalability, and real-world validation. This review provides the first structured synthesis of ontology\u2013AI research for construction image understanding and offers an evidence-based research agenda that links observed limitations to actionable directions for semantic AI in construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1767616736000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Systematic Review of Ontology\u2013AI Integration for Construction Image Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yerim","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9564-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seulki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000085","article-title":"Experimental research in construction","volume":"136","author":"Bernold","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"04017007","article-title":"Assessing safety risk among different construction occupations using occupation-specific data","volume":"143","author":"Choe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Labour Organization (2015). Safety and Health in Construction, International Labour Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ministry of Employment and Labor (2023). Industrial Accident Status, Ministry of Employment and Labor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Kim, K., and Jeong, S. (2023). Application of YOLO v5 and v8 for Recognition of Safety Risk Factors at Construction Sites. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152015179"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Zhu, W., Liu, M., and Zhao, J. (2023). Real-Time Early Safety Warning for Personnel Intrusion Behavior on Construction Sites Using a CNN Model. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13092206"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107268","article-title":"A survey on dataset quality in machine learning","volume":"162","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04020013","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001767","article-title":"Ontology-Based Semantic Modeling of Knowledge in Construction for Proactive Hazard Identification","volume":"146","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.09.022","article-title":"EXplainable Neural-Symbolic Learning (X-NeSyL) methodology to fuse deep learning representations with expert knowledge graphs: The MonuMAI cultural heritage use case","volume":"79","author":"Lamas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Roberto, B., and Giancarlo, G. (2023). On the Multiple Roles of Ontologies in Explainable, A.I. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.105224","article-title":"cSite ontology for production control of construction sites","volume":"158","author":"Farghaly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"116","article-title":"Ontology-Integrated Machine Learning in Computer Vision: A Survey","volume":"03","author":"Oluborode","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Int. J. Res. Dev. (MIJRD)"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ghidalia, S., Alshahrani, M., Janowicz, K., and Michel, F. (2024). Combining machine learning and ontology: A systematic literature review. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B. (2003). Ontology. The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information, Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757017.ch11"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(97)00056-6","article-title":"Knowledge engineering: Principles and methods","volume":"25","author":"Studer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1993.1008","article-title":"A translation approach to portable ontology specifications","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Knowl. Acquis."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Guarino, N. (1998). Formal Ontology and Information Systems. Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103036","article-title":"Combining computer vision with semantic reasoning for on-site safety management in construction","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wei, H., Han, Z., Jiang, N., Wang, W., and Huang, J. (2022). Computer Vision-Based Hazard Identification of Construction Site Using Visual Relationship Detection and Ontology. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12060857"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"108522","article-title":"Digital twinning of building construction processes. Case study: A reinforced concrete cast-in structure","volume":"74","author":"Posada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104961","article-title":"Ontological inference process using AI-based object recognition for hazard awareness in construction sites","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106117","article-title":"Monitoring concrete pouring progress using knowledge graph-enhanced computer vision","volume":"174","author":"Pfitzner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pileggi, S.F. (2024). Ontology in Hybrid Intelligence: A Concise Literature Review. Future Internet, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16080268"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Masood, M.K., Sepp\u00e4nen, O., T\u00f6rm\u00e4, S., and Aikala, A. (2023). Ontology-Based Semantic Construction Image Interpretation. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13112812"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"106174","article-title":"Dynamic hazard analysis on construction sites using knowledge graphs integrated with real-time information","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103310","article-title":"Knowledge graph for identifying hazards on construction sites: Integrating computer vision with ontology","volume":"119","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103739","article-title":"A semantic modeling approach for the automated detection and interpretation of structural damage","volume":"128","author":"Hamdan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102854","article-title":"Semantic trajectory insights for worker safety in dynamic environments","volume":"106","author":"Arslan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2024.102446","article-title":"ConSE: An ontology for visual representation and semantic enrichment of digital images in construction sites","volume":"60","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105597","article-title":"Learning from construction accidents in virtual reality with an ontology-enabled framework","volume":"166","author":"Pedro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"04024121","article-title":"Video2Entities: A computer vision-based entity extraction framework for updating the architecture, engineering and construction industry knowledge graphs","volume":"150","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111224","article-title":"A semantic augmented approach to FEMA P-58 based dynamic regional seismic loss estimation application","volume":"98","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105800","article-title":"Graph-based intelligent accident hazard ontology using natural language processing for tracking, prediction, and learning","volume":"168","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102956","article-title":"Managing interrelated project information in AEC Knowledge Graphs","volume":"108","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Delgoshaei, P., Heidarinejad, M., and Austin, M.A. (2018, January 26\u201328). Combined Ontology Driven and Machine Learning Approach to Monitoring of Building Energy Consumption. Proceedings of the 2018 Building Performance Analysis Conference & SimBuild, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"381","article-title":"An Artificial Intelligence-Based Framework for Automated Information Inquiry from Building Information Models Using Natural Language Processing and Ontology","volume":"046","author":"Nabavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASCE Int. Conf. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"6047489","article-title":"Building a Knowledge Base of Bridge Maintenance Using Knowledge Graph","volume":"2023","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2023.2238851","article-title":"BEKG: A built environment knowledge graph","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doukari, O., Seck, B., and Greenwood, D. (2022). The Creation of Construction Schedules in 4D BIM: A Comparison of Conventional and Automated Approaches. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081145"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106179","article-title":"Automating construction contract review using knowledge graph-enhanced large language models","volume":"175","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, C., Xiong, F., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xue, Y., Xia, T., and Ji, M. (2025). Systematic exploration of the knowledge graph on rock porosity structure. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15010101"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Li, X., Wang, Y., Song, Y., and Zhao, Y. (2023). A Knowledge Graph-Based Approach to Recommending Low-Carbon Construction Schemes of Bridges. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13051352"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112564","article-title":"Integrating industry foundation classes and knowledge graphs for automated deconstruction planning","volume":"106","author":"Allam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105927","article-title":"From surveys to simulations: Integrating Notre-Dame de Paris\u2019 buttressing system diagnosis with knowledge graphs","volume":"170","author":"Gros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Sun, C.T., Hu, Y.Q., and Kumar, A. (2023, January 25\u201328). BIM and Knowledge Graph-Based Building Material Recycle and Reuse Assessment Framework. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering 2023, ASCE Library, Corvallis, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784485231.062"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105451","article-title":"From data to knowledge: Construction process analysis through continuous image capturing, object detection, and knowledge graph creation","volume":"164","author":"Pfitzner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105873","article-title":"Knowledge graph for safety management standards of water conservancy construction engineering","volume":"168","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Yang, R., Xu, S.S., Xiao, Y., and Zhao, H. (2024). Intelligent Checking Method for Construction Schemes via Fusion of Knowledge Graph and Large Language Models. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082502"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., and El-Gohary, N. (2022, January 26\u201328). Deep Learning-Based Relation Extraction from Construction Safety Regulations for Automated Field Compliance Checking. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering 2022, ASCE Library, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483961.031"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2024.100490","article-title":"Early-warning of unsafe hoisting operations: An integration of digital twin and knowledge graph","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., and Petzold, F. (2025). Ontology-Driven Mixture-of-Domain Documentation: A Backbone Approach Enabling Question Answering for Additive Construction. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15010133"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104752","article-title":"Standard terms as analytical variables for collective data sharing in construction management","volume":"146","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"13930","article-title":"A Shared Ontology Suite for Digital Construction Workflow","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"15230","article-title":"Question-Answering System Powered by Knowledge Graph and Generative Pretained Transformer to Support Risk Identification in Tunnel Projects","volume":"151","author":"Isah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.03.013","article-title":"A shared ontology approach to semantic representation of BIM data","volume":"80","author":"Niknam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106111","article-title":"Reference architecture and ontology framework for digital twin construction","volume":"174","author":"Schlenger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahreinia, F., Hammad, A., and Ghabraie, K. (2024). Ontology for BIM-Based Robotic Navigation and Inspection Tasks. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082274"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12904","article-title":"Graph-based deep learning model for knowledge base completion in constraint management of construction projects","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.02.009","article-title":"Ontology for design of active fall protection systems","volume":"82","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112762","article-title":"BIM ontology for information management (BIM-OIM)","volume":"107","author":"Abanda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.08.065","article-title":"Ontology of BIM in a Construction Project Life Cycle","volume":"196","author":"Tomek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105394","article-title":"An ontology-driven method for urban building energy modeling","volume":"106","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.105264","article-title":"Intelligent floor plan design of modular high-rise residential building based on graph-constrained generative adversarial networks","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Liu, Y., Yuan, M., Wang, Y., Ye, G., Chen, H., Deng, Y., and Zhang, X. (2024). Ontology-Guided Generation of Mechanized Construction Plan for Power Grid Construction Project. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14103271"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.10.093","article-title":"Establishing formalized representation of standards for construction cost estimation by using ontology learning","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., and El-Gohary, N.M. (2022). Bridge Deterioration Knowledge Ontology for Supporting Bridge Document Analytics. J. Constr. Eng. Manag., 148.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002210"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2025.100638","article-title":"A steel element reuse ontology for building audits in circular construction","volume":"21","author":"Honic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, B., and Costin, A. (2023). BIM and Ontology-Based DfMA Framework for Prefabricated Component. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13020394"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"2782","article-title":"Ontology-based automated knowledge identification of safety risks in Metro shield construction","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Asian Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.104067","article-title":"An ontology to support flow system descriptions from design to operation of buildings","volume":"134","author":"Kukkonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.10.020","article-title":"BIM and ontology-based approach for building cost estimation","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2024.105723","article-title":"Knowledge-guided data-driven design of ultra-high-performance geopolymer (UHPG)","volume":"53","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024034","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-14436","article-title":"Information Integration of Regulation Texts and Tables for Automated Construction Safety Knowledge Mapping","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104277","article-title":"Ontology-based manufacturability analysis automation for industrialized construction","volume":"139","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2024.2329361","article-title":"Research on ontology-based construction risk knowledge base development in deep foundation pit excavation","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Asian Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Pfitzner, F., Braun, A., and Borrmann, A. (2023, January 25\u201328). Object Detection-Based Knowledge Graph Creation: Enabling Insight into Construction Processes. Proceedings of the Computing in Civil Engineering, Corvallis, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaekel, J.-I., Heinlein, E., and von Luck, K. (2025). Ontology for a Knowledge-Based Deconstruction of Buildings Based on BIM Models and Linked Data Principles. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15050720"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, K., Cui, C., Li, H., and Liu, H. (2022). Ontology-Based Approach Supporting Multi-Objective Holistic Decision Making for Energy Pile System. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12020236"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105502","article-title":"Integrated representation of technical systems with BIM and linked data: TUBES system ontology","volume":"165","author":"Pauen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108609","article-title":"An ontology-based tool for safety management in building renovation projects","volume":"84","author":"Doukari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.09.004","article-title":"Ontology-based automated information extraction from building energy conservation codes","volume":"74","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Liu, M., and Ma, G. (2025). A Semi-Automatic Ontology Development Framework for Knowledge Transformation of Construction Safety Requirements. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15040569"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Xu, M., Lin, Y., Cui, C., Shi, X., and Liu, Y. (2022). Safety Risk Management of Prefabricated Building Construction Based on Ontology Technology in the BIM Environment. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12060765"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.104083","article-title":"Ontology-based mapping approach for automatic work packaging in modular construction","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.112565","article-title":"An ontology-driven framework for digital transformation and performance assessment of building materials","volume":"271","author":"Kaltenegger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.12.003","article-title":"EXPRESS to OWL for construction industry: Towards a recommendable and usable ifcOWL ontology","volume":"63","author":"Pauwels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.111489","article-title":"OntoAgency: An agency-based ontology for tracing control, ownership and decision-making in smart buildings","volume":"256","author":"Badyina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Cai, H., and Chen, K. (2018, January 2\u20134). An Ontology Approach to Utility Knowledge Representation. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2018, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784481295.032"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhi, Y., Xu, J., and Han, L. (2022). Digital Protection and Utilization of Architectural Heritage Using Knowledge Visualization. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12101604"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017103","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001425","article-title":"Ontology-Based Knowledge Model to Support Construction Noise Control in China","volume":"144","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.02.005","article-title":"Ontology-based semantic modeling of construction safety knowledge: Towards automated safety planning for job hazard analysis (JHA)","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.02.004","article-title":"Ontology- and freeware-based platform for rapid development of BIM applications with reasoning support","volume":"90","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Wang, J., and Zhu, H. (2022). A Semantic-Based Methodology to Deliver Model Views of Forward Design for Prefabricated Buildings. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081158"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103927","article-title":"Building product ontology: Core ontology for Linked Building Product Data","volume":"133","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Huo, H., and Pang, S. (2022). Identification of Environmental Pollutants in Construction Site Monitoring Using Association Rule Mining and Ontology-Based Reasoning. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12122111"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.05.003","article-title":"A linked data system framework for sharing construction defect information using ontologies and BIM environments","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8861625","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8861625","article-title":"Semiautomatic Generation of Code Ontology Using ifcOWL in Compliance Checking","volume":"2021","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, N., and Issa, R.R.A. (2020, January 8\u201310). Ontology-Based Integration of BIM and GIS for Indoor Routing. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2020: Computer Applications, Tempe, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482865.107"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, B., Costin, A., and Razkenari, M. (2021, January 12\u201314). An Ontology for Manufacturability and Constructability of Prefabricated Component. Proceedings of the ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering 2021, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483893.092"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.03.001","article-title":"Enhancing the ifcOWL ontology with an alternative representation for geometric data","volume":"80","author":"Pauwels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"04019043","article-title":"Ontology for Representing Building Users\u2019 Activities in Space-Use Analysis","volume":"140","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhawani, S., Messner, J., and Leicht, R. (2020, January 8\u201310). Developing an Ontology for Implementation of Lean Construction Methods in Construction Projects. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2020: Project Management and Controls, Materials, and Contracts, Tempe, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482889.045"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107965","article-title":"Semantic interoperability for cultural heritage conservation: Workflow from ontologies to a tool for managing and sharing data","volume":"80","author":"Moyano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Z., and Cai, H. (2024, January 20\u201323). An Ontology for On-Site Construction Robot Control Using Natural Language Instructions. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2024, Des Moines, IA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784485262.069"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Jiang, S., and Li, Z. (2015, January 11\u201314). Representation and Reasoning for Common Quality Faults of Construction Based on Ontology. Proceedings of the ICCREM 2015, Lule\u00e5, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479377.010"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36936","article-title":"Ontology-based inference decision support system for emergency response in tunnel vehicle accidents","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106189","article-title":"Integration of BIM and ontologies for pumped storage hydropower design change management in EPC projects","volume":"175","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5650463","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5650463","article-title":"Study on the Evaluation Method of Green Construction Based on Ontology and BIM","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Tang, P., Grau, D., and El Asmar, M. (2020). Ontology-Based Data Integration and Sharing for Facility Maintenance Management. Construction Research Congress 2020: Computer Applications, American Society of Civil Engineers."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12175","article-title":"Formalized Representation of Specifications for Construction Cost Estimation by Using Ontology","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T., and Jeong, D. (2016). A Framework for the Inter-Connection of Life-Cycle Highway Data Islands. Construction Research Congress 2016: Old and New Construction Technologies Converge in Historic San Juan, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479827.140"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024117","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-14764","article-title":"Ontology-Based Design Features for Representing Constructability in Architectural Design: Toward BIM in Off-Site Construction","volume":"150","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H. (2015, January 11\u201314). Ontology-Based Representation Model to Support Cause and Effect Analysis. Proceedings of the ICCREM 2015, Lule\u00e5, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479377.067"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N., Lin, X., Jiang, H., and An, Y. (2024). Automated Building Information Modeling Compliance Check through a Large Language Model Combined with Deep Learning and Ontology. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14071983"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Xu, J., Shu, Y., Liu, H., and Xiao, J. (2022, January 17\u201318). Ontology-Based Integrated Cost Management System for Real Estate De-velopment. Proceedings of the ICCREM 2022, Virtual Conference.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784484562.092"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Shi, J., Pan, Z., and Chen, P. (2020, January 8\u201310). Information Integrated Management of Prefabricated Project Based on BIM and Knowledge Flow Based Ontology. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2020, Tempe, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482889.027"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Ahn, S. (2024). PageRank Algorithm-Based Recommendation System for Construction Safety Guidelines. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14103041"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107066","article-title":"An ontology-aided, natural language-based approach for multi-constraint BIM model querying","volume":"76","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.015","article-title":"Toward improving the quality compliance checking of urban private constructions in Iran: An ontological approach","volume":"38","author":"Moradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12988","article-title":"Hazard ontology and 4D benchmark model for facilitation of automated construction safety requirement analysis","volume":"38","author":"Johansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"El Asmar, M., Grau, D., and Tang, P. (2020). Improving for Construction Safety Design: Ontology Model of a Knowledge System for the Prevention of Falls. Construction Research Congress 2020: Safety, Workforce, and Education, American Society of Civil Engineers."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8839865","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8839865","article-title":"A Semantic Approach to Dynamic Path Planning for Fire Evacuation through BIM and IoT Data Integration","volume":"2024","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105942","article-title":"Associative reasoning for engineering drawings using an interactive attention mechanism","volume":"170","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Tang, P., Grau, D., and El Asmar, M. (2020). Machine Learning-Based Building Life-Cycle Cost Prediction: A Framework and Ontology. Construction Research Congress 2020: Computer Applications, American Society of Civil Engineers."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Li, J., Fang, Y., Lan, T., and Shi, X. (2021). Development of Quality Management System of Construction Engineering Testing Laboratory Based on Ontology. ICCREM 2021: Challenges of the Construction Industry Under the Pandemic, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483848.055"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwairi, S., and Mahdjoubi, L. (2022). Categorisation of Requirements in the Ontology-Based Framework for Employer Information Requirements (OntEIR). Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12111899"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103563","article-title":"Developing a hybrid approach to extract constraints related information for constraint management","volume":"124","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106146","article-title":"Lifecycle framework for AI-driven parametric generative design in industrialized construction","volume":"174","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Yang, G., Li, H., Jiang, A., and Zhu, X. (2025). Interactive self-contained compliant structure design supported by multi-objective knowledge inference. Archit. Eng. Des. Manag., 2471078.","DOI":"10.1080\/17452007.2025.2471078"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.115515","article-title":"A large language model-based building operation and maintenance information query","volume":"334","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlapudi, J., Valluru, P., and Menzel, K. (2021). Ontology Approach for Building Life Cycle Data Management. Computing in Civil Engineering 2021, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483893.091"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.12.019","article-title":"Integration of ifc objects and facility management work information using Semantic Web","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.02.002","article-title":"An ontological approach for technical plan definition and verification in construction","volume":"55","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.08.015","article-title":"Intensified construction process control using information integration","volume":"39","author":"Viljamaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021207","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002240","article-title":"Automatic Information Extraction from Construction Quality Inspection Regulations: A Knowledge Pattern-Based Ontological Method","volume":"148","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, L., Jin, Y., Liu, Y., and Lv, J. (2023). Ontological Method for the Modeling and Management of Building Component Construction Process Information. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13082065"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/stab.202500007","article-title":"Prozessmodellierung f\u00fcr den robotischen Zusammenbau im Stahlbau","volume":"94","author":"Knitt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stahlbau"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104391","article-title":"BIM-based construction safety risk library","volume":"141","author":"Collinge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.01.001","article-title":"A social network system for sharing construction safety and health knowledge","volume":"46","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S., Tavakolan, M., and Zahriae, B. (2018, January 2). An Ontological Framework for Identification of Construction Resources Using BIM Information. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2018, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784481264.068"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2020.100020","article-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics\u2014Philosophical and methodological foundations with examples from civil and construction engineering","volume":"4","author":"Hartmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, F., Lv, X., Gu, J., and Wu, Y. (2024). The Use of Weighted Euclidean Distance to Provide Assistance in the Selection of Safety Risk Prevention and Control Strategies for Major Railway Projects. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14051270"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105699","article-title":"Enhancing robotic steel prefabrication with semantic digital twins driven by established industry standards","volume":"167","author":"Kirner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023102","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-13402","article-title":"Root Cause of Cost Overrun Risks in Public Sector Social Housing Programs in SIDS: Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation","volume":"149","author":"Chadee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Baboldashti, A.S., and Nik-Bakht, M. (2024, January 20\u201323). Taxonomy for Change Management Processes in Construction Projects. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2024, Des Moines, IA, USA."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.09.021","article-title":"Formal representation of cost and duration estimates for hard rock tunnel excavation","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8370931","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8370931","article-title":"A Framework for Visualizing Heterogeneous Construction Data Using Semantic Web Standards","volume":"2018","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104630","article-title":"Integration of manufacturers\u2019 product data in BIM platforms using semantic web technologies","volume":"144","author":"Kebede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.09.020","article-title":"FPSWizard: A web-based CBR-RBR system for supporting the design of active fall protection systems","volume":"85","author":"Goh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.05.018","article-title":"Building performance optimisation: A hybrid architecture for the integration of contextual information and time-series data","volume":"70","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.07.007","article-title":"Building performance evaluation using OpenMath and Linked Data","volume":"174","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wang, D., and Wang, X. (2017, January 10). Data Quality Control Framework of an Intelligent Community from a Big Data Perspective. Proceedings of the International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2017, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784481080.014"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eray, E., Sanchez, B., and Haas, C. (2019). Usage of Interface Management System in Adaptive Reuse of Buildings. Buildings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings9050105"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Roofigari-Esfahan, N., and Anumba, C. (2018, January 2). A Knowledge-Based Cyber-Physical System (CPS) Architecture for Informed Decision Making in Construction. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2018, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784481264.065"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2024.2321995","article-title":"China-aided conference buildings in developing countries: A mosaic analysis of database","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, L., Li, G., and Li, H. (2025). A Common Data Environment Framework Applied to Structural Life Cycle Assessment: Coordinating Multiple Sources of Information. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15081315"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104524","article-title":"Knowledge-informed semantic alignment and rule interpretation for automated compliance checking","volume":"142","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pupeikis, D., Navickas, A.A., Klumbyte, E., and Seduikyte, L. (2022). Comparative Study of Construction Information Classification Systems: CCI versus Uniclass 2015. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12050656"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.100907","article-title":"Facilitating Building Information Modelling (BIM) using Integrated Project Delivery (IPD): A UK perspective","volume":"26","author":"Piroozfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, S., Liu, B., and Wang, H. (2022). Construction of a Sustainability-Based Building Attribute Conservation Assessment Model in Historic Areas. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12091346"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.03.010","article-title":"A knowledge-based risk mapping tool for cost estimation of international construction projects","volume":"43","author":"Yildiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023127","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-14669","article-title":"An Online Housing Reputation Assessment Framework Based on Text Mining and Visualization Technologies","volume":"150","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104454","article-title":"BIM-enabled semantic web for automated safety checks in subway construction","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105686","article-title":"Knowledge-based semantic web technologies in the AEC sector","volume":"167","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105846","article-title":"Performance comparison of retrieval-augmented generation and fine-tuned large language models for construction safety management knowledge retrieval","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2023.2223566","article-title":"Curating a domain ontology for rework in construction: Challenges and learnings from practice","volume":"35","author":"Matthews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"2","article-title":"Extracting Worker Unsafe Behaviors from Construction Images Using Image Captioning with Deep Learning-Based Attention Mechanism","volume":"149","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/1\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:15:50Z","timestamp":1767676550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/1\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["info17010048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info17010048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}