{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T23:33:51Z","timestamp":1781566431872,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 5E model (1. Engagement; 2. Exploration; 3. Explanation; 4. Elaboration; 5. Evaluation) is a well-known instructional framework for promoting active learning. Augmented reality (AR) has been integrated into the educational process to support interactive learning. Building on these foundations, this study examines the usability of an AR application developed within the framework of the 5E instructional model to support biology in high school. The proposed AR app consists of a structured sequence of activities aligned with the 5E stages. Moreover, a usability study was conducted to evaluate the app\u2019s usability among 195 users across three participant groups emerging from various educational levels and with different backgrounds: education students (novice adults), engineering students (expert adults), and 1st year high school students (students). The findings indicate perceived acceptable usability, with younger and less experienced users indicating the need for more guidance. Rather than evaluating learning outcomes or pedagogical effectiveness, this study focuses on investigating usability perceptions and interactions of the AR app designed within the 5E learning model. The findings highlight usability-related issues relevant to the design of AR applications and emphasize the importance of combining user-centered design with instructional frameworks in secondary education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17020164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:05:47Z","timestamp":1770372347000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating Augmented Reality Activities Designed Within the 5E Model in Biology Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Volioti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy and Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, International Hellenic University, 57001 Nea Moudania, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Orovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Products and Systems Design Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4741-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Rapti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy and Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paschalina","family":"Gkiosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, International Hellenic University, 57001 Nea Moudania, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-2516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodosios","family":"Sapounidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy and Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6566-6477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euclid","family":"Keramopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, International Hellenic University, 57001 Nea Moudania, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Saxena, S. (2015). How Do You Teach the 4Cs to Students (Part 1). Creativity and Innovation Nioda Dehli, NCR."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2015.02.003","article-title":"Phases of inquiry-based learning: Definitions and the inquiry cycle","volume":"14","author":"Pedaste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Atkin, J.M., and Karplus, R. (1962). Discovery or Invention?. The Science Teacher, National Science Teachers Association."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bybee, R.W. (2009). The BSCS 5E instructional model and 21st-century skills. A Workshop on Exploring the Intersection of Science Education and the Development of 21St Century Skills, BSCS."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bybee, R.W. (2013). The Case for Education: STEM Challenges and Opportunities, NSTA (National Science Teachers Assocation)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-022-00337-z","article-title":"The cognitive principles of learning underlying the 5E Model of Instruction","volume":"9","author":"Bybee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. STEM Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395771","article-title":"Behaviorism","volume":"61","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"66","article-title":"Constructivism Learning Theory: A Paradigm for Teaching and Learning","volume":"5","author":"Olusegun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Method Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/13611267.2023.2202476","article-title":"\u201cI as a practicum mentor\u201d: Identities of mentors of student teachers","volume":"31","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mentor. Tutoring Partnersh. Learn."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Downes, S. (2022). Connectivism. Asian J. Distance Educ., 17."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Siemens, G. (2017). Connectivism. Foundations of Learning and Instructional Design Technology, Book Oven Inc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/1554480X.2017.1373651","article-title":"Conceptual play and science inquiry: Using the 5E instructional model","volume":"12","author":"Desouza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pedagogies"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.17232\/KSET.24.4.193","article-title":"Investigation on the Relationships among Media Characteristics, Presence, Flow, and Learning Effects in Augmented Reality Based Learning","volume":"24","author":"Kye","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.018","article-title":"A case study of Augmented Reality simulation system application in a chemistry course","volume":"37","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.024","article-title":"Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13020","article-title":"Effects of learning physics using Augmented Reality on students\u2019 self-efficacy and conceptions of learning","volume":"52","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radu, I., and Schneider, B. (2019, January 4\u20139). What can we learn from augmented reality (AR)? Benefits and Drawbacks of AR for Inquiry-based Learning of Physics. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2019, Glasgow, Scotland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300774"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2018.11.001","article-title":"Revisiting the effects of project-based learning on students\u2019 academic achievement: A meta-analysis investigating moderators","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Patil, S., Prabhu, C., Neogi, O., Joshi, A.R., and Katre, N. (2017, January 17\u201318). E-learning system using augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation, ICCUBEA 2017, Pune, India."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030011","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0043267","article-title":"Development of augmented reality teaching materials of human movement system based on 5E learning cycle","volume":"2330","author":"Lestary","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S.H., and Chu, H.C. (2016, January 10\u201314). An interactive 5E learning cycle-based augmented reality system to improve students\u2019 learning achievement in a microcosmic chemistry molecule course. Proceedings of the 5th IIAI International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics, IIAI-AAI, Kumamoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIAI-AAI.2016.119"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.46328\/ijte.82","article-title":"Integration of Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) Applications into the 5E Learning Model in Biology Teaching","volume":"4","author":"Guven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241305519","article-title":"Multiple Generative AI Pedagogical Agents in Augmented Reality Environments: A Study on Implementing the 5E Model in Science Education","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.03.002","article-title":"Impact of an augmented reality system on students\u2019 motivation for a visual art course","volume":"68","author":"Ibanez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.093","article-title":"Augmented reality to promote collaborative and autonomous learning in higher education","volume":"51","author":"Fabiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"109","article-title":"The impact of instructional technology on student academic achievement in reading and mathematics","volume":"26","author":"Middleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Instr. Media"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2016.11.002","article-title":"Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Billinghurst, M., Lindeman, R.W., and Swan, E. (2018). A Systematic Review of 10 Years of Augmented Reality Usability Studies: 2005 to 2014. Front. Robot. AI, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00037"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00379-9","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Augmented Reality in Educational Settings","volume":"23","author":"Baldiris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","article-title":"Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis","volume":"18","author":"Radu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"212","article-title":"A Comparative Meta-Analysis of 5E and Traditional Approaches in Turkey","volume":"3","author":"Anil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Train. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.51724\/ijpce.v4i2.98","article-title":"Effect of Different Teaching Methods and Techniques Embedded in the 5E Instructional Model on Students\u2019 Learning about Buoyancy Force","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effects of 5E learning cycle on students\u2019 human circulatory system achievement","volume":"4","author":"Sadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.12973\/eurasia.2017.00965a","article-title":"Mathematics through the 5E instructional model and mathematical modelling: The geometrical objects","volume":"13","author":"Tezer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"20","article-title":"Which strategy best suits biology teaching? Lecturing, concept mapping, cooperative learning, or learning cycle?","volume":"17","author":"Ajaja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electron. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1578","article-title":"The effect of the STEM approach based on the 5E model on academic achievement and scientific process skills: The transformation of electrical energy","volume":"5","author":"Kalayci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/00219266.2019.1620311","article-title":"Engaging students into their own learning of foundational genetics concepts through the 5E learning cycle and interleaving teaching techniques","volume":"54","author":"Ylostalo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199634","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2199634","article-title":"Comparative study of using 5E learning cycle and the traditional teaching method in chemistry to improve student understanding of water concept: The case of primary school","volume":"10","author":"Tegegne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"449","article-title":"The integration of augmented reality and virtual laboratory based on the 5E model and Vark assessment: A conceptual framework","volume":"11","author":"Purwaningtyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pendidik. IPA Indones."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"68","article-title":"Examining Microscopic Organisms under Augmented Reality Microscope: A 5E Learning Model Lesson","volume":"55","author":"Abdusselam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Act."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sari, E.P.K., Munzil, M., and Retnosari, R. (2020). Development of Teaching Materials Based on Learning Cycle 5E and Enriched with Augmented Reality for Rate of Reaction Topic. Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Innovation (ICLI), Atlantis Press.","DOI":"10.2991\/assehr.k.200711.011"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan, H.\u00d6. (2014). The Effect of 5E Learning Cycle Instruction on 10th-Grade Students\u2019 Understanding of Cell Division and Reproduction Concepts. [Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University].","DOI":"10.33225\/jbse\/15.14.670"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"The development of simulation and game in 5E learning cycle to teach photoelectric effect for grade 12 students","volume":"18","author":"Namgyel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Forum Sci. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"170","article-title":"The 5E inquiry learning model: Its effect on the learning of electricity among Malaysian students","volume":"40","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cakrawala Pendidik."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effects of the 5E Teaching Model Using Interactive Simulation on Achievement and Attitude in Physics Education","volume":"25","author":"Sari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Sci. Math. Educ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012091","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1657\/1\/012091","article-title":"The 5E learning cycle model in an effort to foster students\u2019 mathematical communication skills viewed from academic level","volume":"1657","author":"No","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.20961\/jkpk.v5i3.38938","article-title":"Development Learning Cycle 5E Module Integrated with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Thermochemistry","volume":"5","author":"Chayati","year":"2020","journal-title":"JKPK (J. Kim. Dan Pendidik. Kim.)"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2022.2114031","article-title":"A systematic review of 5E model in science education: Proposing a skill-based STEM instructional model within the 21st century skills","volume":"44","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volioti, C., Keramopoulos, E., Sapounidis, T., Melisidis, K., Zafeiropoulou, M., Sotiriou, C., and Spiridis, V. (2022). Using Augmented Reality in K-12 Education: An Indicative Platform for Teaching Physics. Information, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/info13070336"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.58344\/jws.v4i10.1514","article-title":"Guided Inquiry Module Based on Augmented Reality to Improve Cognitive Learning Outcomes and Science Process Skills In Biology Technology Innovation","volume":"4","author":"Yunianto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. World Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volioti, C., Keramopoulos, E., Sapounidis, T., Melisidis, K., Kazlaris, G.C., Rizikianos, G., and Kitras, C. (2022). Augmented Reality Applications for Learning Geography in Primary Education. Appl. Syst. Innov., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi5060111"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volioti, C., Orovas, C., Sapounidis, T., Trachanas, G., and Keramopoulos, E. (2023). Augmented Reality in Primary Education: An Active Learning Approach in Mathematics. Computers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers12100207"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafeiropoulou, M., Volioti, C., Keramopoulos, E., and Sapounidis, T. (2021). Developing Physics Experiments Using Augmented Reality Game-Based Learning Approach: A Pilot Study in Primary School. Computers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10100126"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11123-3","article-title":"Integrating augmented reality in language learning: Pre-service teachers\u2019 digital competence and attitudes through the TPACK framework","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, M.M.O., Radu, I., Schneider, B., Cavalcante, P., and Teichrieb, V. (,  2018). An investigation on how teachers are using augmented reality in their lessons. Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Inform\u00e1tica na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o-SBIE), Fortaleza, Brazil.","DOI":"10.5753\/cbie.sbie.2018.625"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heintz, M., Law, E.L.C., and Andrade, P. (2021). Augmented reality as educational tool: Perceptions, challenges, and requirements from teachers. European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86436-1_27"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzima, S., Styliaras, G., and Bassounas, A. (2019). Augmented reality applications in education: Teachers point of view. Educ. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci9020099"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"352","article-title":"An augmented reality-based mobile learning system to improve students\u2019 learning achievements and motivations in natural science inquiry activities","volume":"17","author":"Chiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103635","article-title":"Integrating augmented reality into problem based learning: The effects on learning achievement and attitude in physics education","volume":"142","author":"Fidan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutromanos, G., and Jimoyiannis, A. (2022). Augmented Reality in Education: Exploring Greek Teachers\u2019 Views and Perceptions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22918-3_3"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.17509\/ajsee.v1i2.33389","article-title":"Improving students\u2019 learning outcomes using 5e learning cycle model","volume":"1","author":"Rahmawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASEAN J. Sci. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapti, S., Sapounidis, T., and Tselegkaridis, S. (2023). Enriching a Traditional Learning Activity in Preschool through Augmented Reality: Children\u2019s and Teachers\u2019 Views. Information, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/info14100530"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/03098265.2018.1455174","article-title":"The impact of mobile augmented reality in geography education: Achievements, cognitive loads and views of university students","volume":"42","author":"Turan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Auer, M., and Tsiatsos, T. (2019). A Learning Environment for Geography and History Using Mixed Reality, Tangible Interfaces and Educational Robotics. The Challenges of the Digital Transformation in Education, Springer. ICL 2018; Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runeson, P., Host, M., Rainer, A., and Regnell, B. (2012). Case Study Research in Software Engineering: Guidelines and Examples, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118181034"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4","article-title":"SUS: A \u201cquick and dirty\u201d usability scale","volume":"189","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Eval. Ind."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsanos, C., Tselios, N., and Xenos, M. (2012, January 5\u20137). Perceived usability evaluation of learning management systems: A first step towards standardization of the System Usability Scale in Greek. Proceedings of the 16th Pan-Hellenic Conference on Informatics, PCI 2012, Piraeus, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCi.2012.38"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2013-101494","article-title":"Understanding triangulation in research","volume":"16","author":"Heale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310802205776","article-title":"An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale","volume":"24","author":"Bangor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-12-2021-0241","article-title":"Workplace literacy skills\u2014How information and digital literacy affect adoption of digital technology","volume":"78","author":"Nikou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101436","article-title":"Educational impact of an Augmented Reality (AR) application for teaching structural systems to non-engineering students","volume":"50","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6451","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2266460","article-title":"The impact of VR and AR technologies on the academic achievements of medical students: The age aspect","volume":"32","author":"Beketov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/2\/164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:23:35Z","timestamp":1770373415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/2\/164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["info17020164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info17020164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]}}}