{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:07:17Z","timestamp":1770984437355,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Scientific Research Project Plan of Henan Higher Education Institutions","award":["23A520021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A520021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing a wide range of applications. However, collecting massive sensing data from large-scale fields efficiently remains challenging, constrained by the limited energy of UAVs and sensing nodes. Existing schemes lack the computational intelligence of an Edge Server (ES) for deep coordination. To address this, we propose DC-CSAP, a novel \u201cEdge-UAV-End\u201d collaborative data collection framework. DC-CSAP introduces a systematic workflow orchestrated by the ES, which is operationalized through four dedicated collaboration mechanisms: (1) In our ES\u2013UAV collaboration, we devise a two-phase path optimization algorithm that hybridizes Simulated Annealing (SA) with a convex-hull-inspired greedy method. (2) The ES\u2013ISN collaboration features a prediction-based binary vector mechanism, transmitting only inaccurate data to slash communication overheads. (3) The UAV\u2013ISN and (4) Inter-ISN protocols ensure efficient data exchange and aggregation. Extensive simulations validate that DC-CSAP outperforms benchmarks in terms of Correct Prediction Rate (CPR), energy efficiency, and UAV path length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17020190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:52:21Z","timestamp":1770979941000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DC-CSAP: An Edge-UAV-End Collaborative Data Collection Framework for UAV-Assisted IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingpo","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Computer and Information Technology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Education Big Data Analysis and Application, Xinyang 464000, China"}]},{"given":"Yuerong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Computer and Electronics Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1440-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Computer and Information Technology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Education Big Data Analysis and Application, Xinyang 464000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101354","article-title":"A survey of data collaborative sensing methods for smart agriculture","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2025.101617","article-title":"An intelligent plant watering decision support system for drought monitoring & analysis based on AIoT and an LSTM time-series framework","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2025.101672","article-title":"Age of Information minimization for secure data collection in multi UAV-assisted IoT applications","volume":"33","author":"Tekin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Meng, K., and Li, D. (2025, January 24\u201327). Multi-UAV Collaborative Trajectory Planning for Seamless Data Collection and Transmission. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC61545.2025.10978431"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11664","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3248616","article-title":"Efficient Multi-UAV Assisted Data Gathering Schemes for Maximizing the Operation Time of Wireless Sensor Networks in Precision Farming","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9355","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3323321","article-title":"Balancing Time and Energy Efficiency by Sizing Clusters: A New Data Collection Scheme in UAV-Aided Large-Scale Internet of Things","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3181158","article-title":"UAV-Enabled Data Collection over Clustered Machine-Type Communication Networks: AEM Modeling and Trajectory Planning","volume":"71","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prathyusha, Y., and Sheu, T.-L. (2023, January 18\u201320). A Data Collection Scheme for IoT Using NOMA Techniques in UAV-LEO 6G Networks. Proceedings of the 2023 2nd International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/6GNet58894.2023.10317736"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","article-title":"Optimization by simulated annealing","volume":"220","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1137\/0215021","article-title":"The Ultimate Planar Convex Hull Algorithm?","volume":"15","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Siam J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Leng, S., Xiong, K., Zhang, H., and Zhang, K. (2025, January 8\u201312). AoI-Sensitive Collaborative Data Generation and Collection for Multi-UAV-Assisted IoT Networks. Proceedings of the ICC 2025\u2014IEEE International Conference on Communications, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC52391.2025.11161414"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Gong, J. (2023, January 4\u20138). DRL-Based UAV Trajectory Planning for AoS and Energy Consumption Minimization Assisted by AoI. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2023\u20142023 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437462"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11351","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3581929","article-title":"ASSUME: An Optimal Algorithm to Minimize UAV Energy by Altitude and Speed Scheduling","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9540","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3102161","article-title":"UAV Trajectory Planning in Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Consumption Minimization by Deep Reinforcement Learning","volume":"70","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3335037","article-title":"Average AoI-Minimal Trajectory Design for UAV-Assisted IoT Data Collection System: A Safe-TD3 Approach","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, S., and Leung, Y.W. (2025, January 17\u201320). UAV Deployment for Joint Charging, Data Collection and Data Dissemination in Wireless Powered Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring), Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2025-Spring65109.2025.11174843"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34890","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3586685","article-title":"Intelligent UAV Deployment for Energy-Efficient IoT Data Collection","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11214","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3126329","article-title":"Joint Optimization of UAV Trajectory and Sensor Uploading Powers for UAV-Assisted Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3219675","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Optimization Algorithm in NOMA-Based UAV-Assisted Data Collection Systems","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3005271","article-title":"UAV-Assisted Data Collection with Nonorthogonal Multiple Access","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, P., Chen, S., Zeng, Q., and Qing, C. (2023, January 10\u201313). NOMA-based Dual-UAV Data Collection in Wireless Powered IoT Networks. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 98th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Fall), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333728"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3204438","article-title":"UAV Trajectory Planning for AoI-Minimal Data Collection in UAV-Aided IoT Networks by Transformer","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17275","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3078701","article-title":"AoI-Energy-Aware UAV-Assisted Data Collection for IoT Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Method","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3337400","article-title":"AoI-Energy Tradeoff for Data Collection in UAV-Assisted Wireless Networks","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8650","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3264667","article-title":"Max\u2013Min Fair 3D Trajectory Design and Transmission Scheduling for Solar-Powered Fixed-Wing UAV-Assisted Data Collection","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3030080","article-title":"A Blockchain-Enabled Energy-Efficient Data Collection System for UAV-Assisted IoT","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariyo, A.A., Adewumi, A.O., and Ayo, C.K. (2014, January 26\u201328). Stock Price Prediction Using the ARIMA Model. Proceedings of the 2014 UKSim-AMSS 16th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UKSim.2014.67"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Lin, R., and Zeng, W. (2022, January 11\u201314). Short-Term Load Forecasting Method Based on ARIMA and LSTM. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT56141.2022.10073051"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30047","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2025.3582381","article-title":"Hybrid Energy-Efficient Clustering with Reinforcement Learning for IoT-WSNs Using Knapsack and K -Means","volume":"25","author":"Aleem","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X., Ji, Y., Liu, W., Han, J., Zhang, J., and He, C. (2021). Research on Logistics Distribution Routing Problem of Unmanned Vehicles Based on Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Proceedings of the 2021 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems (ICAIIS 21), Chongqing, China, 28\u201330 May 2021, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3469213.3470241"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., and Hassanein, H.S. (2020, January 7\u201311). Numeric Prediction for Sensing in Smart Greenhouses. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2020\u20142020 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9322549"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bob, S., and Yang, K. (2019). Time-Lapse Observation Dataset of Soil Temperature and Humidity on the Tibetan Plateau (2008\u20132016), National Tibetan Plateau Data Center."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2024.3375011","article-title":"A Novel Clustering Protocol for Network Lifetime Maximization in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"8","author":"Jha","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/2\/190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:11:29Z","timestamp":1770981089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/2\/190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["info17020190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info17020190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}