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The architecture has three layers: simulation for planning, optimization for scheduling, and an edge layer for control. We validated this using a bakery model with 10 products. The results show a 24.4% reduction in production time and 23% energy savings. Simulation results show complete elimination of quality time-window violations (0.0% vs. 13.3% baseline, p &lt; 0.001). The system achieved a 2.4-month return on investment. This work demonstrates how combining these technologies can improve process industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17020195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:09:32Z","timestamp":1770998972000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Closed-Loop Digital Twin for Energy-Efficient Scheduling in Food Manufacturing Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulshat","family":"Amirkhanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9843-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazly","family":"Yusubova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bauyrzhan","family":"Amirkhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6652-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meruyert","family":"Sakypbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2023). 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