{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:15:53Z","timestamp":1783401353819,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accelerated integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT is transforming learner engagement, instructional design, and institutional governance in education. This systematic literature review synthesizes theory-driven scholarship on GenAI adoption and pedagogical use through the Antecedents\u2013Decisions\u2013Outcomes (ADO) framework, examining how cognitive, motivational, technological, and institutional factors collectively shape implementation and learning outcomes. Drawing primarily on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Self-Determination Theory (SDT), and Institutional Theory, the review integrates complementary insights from Constructivist Learning and Diffusion of Innovations perspectives to conceptualize how antecedents influence decision-making and outcomes across educational settings. The findings indicate that learner motivation, perceived usefulness, digital literacy, and institutional readiness constitute key antecedents affecting GenAI adoption. Decision processes\u2014spanning instructional design, ethical regulation, and pedagogical adaptation\u2014mediate how these antecedents translate into practice. Outcomes reveal a dual trajectory: GenAI enhances personalization, feedback, and self-regulated learning, yet introduces challenges related to ethical ambiguity and overreliance. The review offers a conceptually integrated synthesis that bridges motivational, technological, and organizational perspectives, advancing a theoretical roadmap for ethical and sustainable GenAI adoption. For educators and policymakers, the findings emphasize transparent governance, faculty capacity-building, and equitable access to ensure that innovation remains aligned with pedagogical integrity and human-centered values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17030241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:06:56Z","timestamp":1772460416000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Generative AI Integration in Education: Theoretical Review and Future Directions Informed by the ADO Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghu","family":"Raman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Business, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnashree","family":"Achuthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cybersecurity Systems and Networks, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prema","family":"Nedungadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12936-0","article-title":"Unveiling the landscape of generative artificial intelligence in education: A comprehensive taxonomy of applications, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"30","author":"Samala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100348","article-title":"GenAI in higher education: A global perspective of institutional adoption policies and guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100316","article-title":"Examining the effect of ChatGPT usage on students\u2019 academic learning and achievement: A survey-based study in Ajman, UAE","volume":"7","author":"Youssef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshwiah, A. (2024). Students\u2019 Perceptions of an Artificially Intelligent Chatbot as a Support Tool to Develop Their Research Skills. Qual. Res. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/QRJ-06-2024-0117"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nedungadi, P., Tang, K.Y., and Raman, R. (2024). The Transformative Power of Generative Artificial Intelligence for achieving the sustainable development goal of Quality Education. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16229779"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13107-x","article-title":"The impact of a large language model-based programming learning environment on students\u2019 motivation and programming ability","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., and Reynolds, B.L. (2024). Beyond the Books: Exploring Factors Shaping Chinese English Learners\u2019 Engagement with Large Language Models for Vocabulary Learning. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14050496"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of AI feedback in university students\u2019 learning experiences: An exploration grounded in activity theory","volume":"18","author":"Zapata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ubiquitous Learn. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"41","article-title":"The role of ChatGPT in higher education: Benefits, challenges, and future research directions","volume":"6","author":"Rasul","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.34190\/ejel.22.2.3345","article-title":"Exploring the feasibility and efficacy of ChatGPT-3 for personalized feedback in teaching","volume":"22","author":"Naz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electron. J. E-Learn."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2299134","article-title":"Evaluating Holistic Education and Digital Learning model for advancing SDG4: A longitudinal mixed-effects modeling approach","volume":"10","author":"Nedungadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00478-x","article-title":"ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: The role of trust as a cornerstone","volume":"21","author":"Shahzad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Exploring the attitude and use of GenAI-image among art and design college students based on TAM and SDT","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13105","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13105","article-title":"Factors Influencing University Students\u2019 Behavioral Intention to Use Generative Artificial Intelligence for Educational Purposes Based on a Revised UTAUT2 Model","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13269-8","article-title":"ChatGPT in Self-Directed Learning: Exploring Acceptance and Utilization among Undergraduates of State Universities in Sri Lanka","volume":"30","author":"Biyiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-024-10366-w","article-title":"A classification tool to foster self-regulated learning with generative artificial intelligence by applying self-determination theory: A case of ChatGPT","volume":"72","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13398-8","article-title":"AI for Academic Success: Investigating the Role of Usability, Enjoyment, and Responsiveness in ChatGPT Adoption","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2024.102014","article-title":"Exploring Chinese EFL learners\u2019 engagement with large language models: A self-determination theory perspective","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learn. Motiv."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100958","article-title":"Enhancing academic performance of business students using GenAI: An interactive-constructive-active-passive (ICAP) self-determination perspective","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., and Alm, A. (2024). The Impact of ChatGPT on English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Students\u2019 Language Learning Experience: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14070726"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em2296","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/13313","article-title":"Enhancing STEM learning with ChatGPT and Bing Chat as objects to think with: A case study","volume":"19","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001634","article-title":"Work With ChatGPT, Not Against: 3 Teaching Strategies That Harness the Power of Artificial Intelligence","volume":"49","author":"Simms","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takerngsaksiri, W., Warusavitarne, C., Yaacoub, C., Keng Hou, M.H., and Tantithamthavorn, C. (2024, January 2\u20134). Students\u2019 perspectives on AI code completion: Benefits and challenges. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 48th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference, COMPSAC, Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC61105.2024.00252"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102543","article-title":"The influence of work overload on cybersecurity behavior: A moderated mediation model of psychological contract breach, burnout, and self-efficacy in AI learning such as ChatGPT","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"53","article-title":"A Delphi study on generative artificial intelligence and English medium instruction assessment: Implications for social justice","volume":"11","author":"Bannister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Lang. Teach. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2024.2333937","article-title":"ChatGPT adoption and anxiety: A cross-country analysis utilizing the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT)","volume":"49","author":"Budhathoki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100288","article-title":"AI in essay-based assessment: Student adoption, usage, and performance","volume":"7","author":"Smerdon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13554","article-title":"Are simpler math stories better? Automatic readability assessment of GenAI-generated multimodal mathematical stories validated by engagement","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Bridging expectations and reality: Addressing the price-value paradox in teachers\u2019 AI integration","volume":"56","author":"Elyakim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100121","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence in higher education: Evidence from an analysis of institutional policies and guidelines","volume":"3","author":"McDonald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav. Artif. Hum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00439-5","article-title":"Barriers to and opportunities for the adoption of generative artificial intelligence in higher education in the global south: Insights from Sri Lanka","volume":"35","author":"Henadirage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085910","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3085910","article-title":"Exploring university students\u2019 adoption of ChatGPT using the diffusion of innovation theory and sentiment analysis with gender dimension","volume":"2024","author":"Raman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2024.3432101","article-title":"Framework for adoption of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in education","volume":"67","author":"Shailendra","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6790","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2286370","article-title":"University students\u2019 conceptions of ChatGPT-supported learning: A drawing and epistemic network analysis","volume":"32","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2024.2362798","article-title":"ChatGPT-facilitated professional development: Evidence from professional trainers\u2019 learning achievements, self-worth, and self-confidence","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2","article-title":"Exploring the potential of generative artificial intelligence in education: Applications, challenges, and future research directions","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13544","article-title":"Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance","volume":"56","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em2436","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/14448","article-title":"Solving the global STEM educational crisis using Cognitive Load Optimization and Artificial Intelligence\u2013A preliminary comparative analysis","volume":"20","author":"Maj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13476-x","article-title":"Cultivating independent thinkers: The triad of artificial intelligence, Bloom\u2019s taxonomy and critical thinking in assessment pedagogy","volume":"30","author":"Lubbe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100318","article-title":"Student and AI responses to physics problems examined through the lenses of sensemaking and mechanistic reasoning","volume":"7","author":"Sirnoorkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100005","article-title":"Augmented intelligence in programming learning: Examining student views on the use of ChatGPT for programming learning","volume":"1","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav. Artif. Hum."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"636","article-title":"Toward Adoption of GenAI in Organizational Settings","volume":"64","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2025.2450659","article-title":"The effectiveness of ChatGPT in assisting high school students in programming learning: Evidence from a quasi-experimental research","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100147","article-title":"The effect of generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool use on students\u2019 computational thinking skills, programming self-efficacy and motivation","volume":"4","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"141","article-title":"Promoting active learning with ChatGPT: A constructivist approach in Sri Lankan higher education","volume":"7","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100190","article-title":"ChatGPT in higher education learning: Acceptance and use","volume":"5","author":"Habibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00352-3","article-title":"Exploring sociocultural influences on GenAI engagement in Nigerian higher education: An activity theory analysis","volume":"11","author":"Essien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100314","article-title":"How can GenAI foster an inclusive language classroom? A critical language pedagogy perspective from Philippine university teachers","volume":"7","author":"Ulla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13568","article-title":"Value-sensitive design of chatbots in environmental education: Supporting identity, connectedness, well-being and sustainability","volume":"56","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-025-10495-w","article-title":"Understanding Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Acceptance of Generative Artificial Intelligence: An Extended Technology Acceptance Model Approach","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100328","article-title":"Examining teachers\u2019 behavioral intention of using generative artificial intelligence tools for teaching and learning based on the extended technology acceptance model","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-01-2021-0026","article-title":"Tacit knowledge in organizations: Bibliometrics and a framework-based systematic review of antecedents, outcomes, theories, methods and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13353-7","article-title":"Factors influencing Chinese preservice teachers\u2019 adoption of GenAI in teaching: An empirical study based on UTAUT2 and PLS-SEM","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12835-4","article-title":"Factors influencing students\u2019 acceptance and use of generative artificial intelligence in elementary education: An expansion of the UTAUT model","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13403-0","article-title":"What drives Chinese university students\u2019 long-term use of GenAI? Evidence from the heuristic-systematic model","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00511-7","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and communication technologies in academia: Faculty perceptions and the adoption of GenAI","volume":"22","author":"Shata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00341-6","article-title":"Disciplinary differences in undergraduate students\u2019 engagement with generative artificial intelligence","volume":"11","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100350","article-title":"GenAI in academic writing: Does information on authorship impact learners\u2019 revision behavior?","volume":"8","author":"Radtke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13128-6","article-title":"The who, why, and how of AI-based chatbots for learning and teaching in higher education: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100320","article-title":"Exploring attitudes toward ChatGPT among college students: An empirical analysis of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components using path analysis","volume":"7","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"215","article-title":"Facilitating nursing and health education by incorporating ChatGPT into learning designs","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12966-8","article-title":"The relationship between inert thinking and ChatGPT dependence: An I-PACE model perspective","volume":"30","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2025.100996","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review on the Application of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in Teaching within Higher Education: Instructional Contexts, Process, and Strategies","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3390593","article-title":"A tutorial-generating method for autonomous online learning","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102521","article-title":"Drivers of GenAI adoption in higher education through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"77","author":"Ivanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100373","article-title":"Opportunities, challenges and school strategies for integrating GenAI in education","volume":"8","author":"Ng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00453-6","article-title":"GenAI and the future of higher education: A threat to academic integrity or reformation? Evidence from multicultural perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1","article-title":"How understanding the limitations and risks of using ChatGPT can contribute to willingness to use","volume":"11","author":"Shulgina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100289","article-title":"Large language models meet user interfaces: The case of provisioning feedback","volume":"7","author":"Pozdniakov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13263-0","article-title":"Beyond acceptance: An empirical investigation of technological, ethical, social, and individual determinants of GenAI-supported learning in higher education","volume":"30","author":"Hsiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00425-x","article-title":"Negotiating meaning with machines: AI\u2019s role in doctoral writing pedagogy","volume":"35","author":"Parker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100275","article-title":"Exploring the potential of GenAI in democratizing English language education","volume":"7","author":"Tafazoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"100335","article-title":"Transforming business management practices through metaverse technologies: A Machine Learning approach","volume":"5","author":"Raman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag. Data Insights"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1765-5","article-title":"The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A comparative analysis","volume":"106","author":"Mongeon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2209881","article-title":"To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students\u2019 acceptance and use of technology","volume":"32","author":"Strzelecki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"100883","article-title":"Applying a modified technology acceptance model to explain higher education students\u2019 usage of ChatGPT: A serial multiple mediation model with knowledge sharing as a moderator","volume":"21","author":"Duong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251338079","article-title":"Appraisal of the Presence of Spin in Abstracts of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Regarding Free Bone Block Procedures for Glenohumeral Instability","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Yan, J., and Cai, N. (2024). ChatGPT in higher education: Factors influencing ChatGPT user satisfaction and continued use intention. Front. Educ., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1354929"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/02734753241302459","article-title":"GenAI in Higher Education Assessments: Examining Risk and Tech-Savviness on Student\u2019s Adoption","volume":"47","author":"Oc","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mark. Educ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57132","DOI":"10.2196\/57132","article-title":"Utilization of, Perceptions on, and Intention to Use AI Chatbots Among Medical Students in China: National Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6","article-title":"Privacy fatigue and its effects on ChatGPT acceptance among undergraduate students: Is privacy dead?","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"993","article-title":"Predictors of higher education students\u2019 behavioral intention and usage of ChatGPT: The moderating roles of age, gender and experience","volume":"33","author":"Arthur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00506-4","article-title":"Factors influencing academic staff satisfaction and continuous usage of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in higher education","volume":"22","author":"Baig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13393-z","article-title":"The factors affecting teachers\u2019 adoption of AI technologies: A unified model of external and internal determinants","volume":"30","author":"Kol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"201","article-title":"Enhancing Learning Potential: Investigating Marketing Students\u2019 Behavioral Intentions to Adopt Chatgpt","volume":"34","author":"Gulati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mark. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-12-2023-0555","article-title":"Unleashing the power of perceived enjoyment: Exploring Chinese undergraduate EFL learners\u2019 intention to use ChatGPT for English learning","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100346","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in higher education: Modeling students\u2019 motivation for continuous use of ChatGPT based on a modified self-determination theory","volume":"8","author":"Annamalai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12981-9","article-title":"The impact of students\u2019 use of ChatGPT on their research skills: The mediating effects of autonomous motivation, engagement, and self-directed learning","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103351","article-title":"ChatGPT for L2 learning: Current status and implications","volume":"124","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"91","article-title":"Programming education and learner motivation in the age of GenAI: Student and educator perspectives","volume":"125","author":"Boguslawski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, C.S., Mathur, S., and Vishnoi, S.K. (2024). Is ChatGPT Enhancing Youth\u2019s Learning, Engagement and Satisfaction?. J. Comput. Inf. Syst., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2024.2380698"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2025.101003","article-title":"Exploring human and AI collaboration in inclusive STEM teacher training: A synergistic approach based on self-determination theory","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2024.102057","article-title":"How enjoyment spread its wings on tertiary learners\u2019 psychological needs in ChatGPT-assisted English learning","volume":"87","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learn. Motiv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayanwale, M.A. (2024, January 8\u201311). Using Diffusion Theory of Innovation to Investigate Perceptions of STEM and Non-STEM Students\u2019 Adoption of Chatbot Systems in Higher Education: A Multiple Group Analysis. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Kos Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON60312.2024.10578835"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"78","article-title":"Awareness and acceptance of ChatGPT as a generative conversational AI for transforming education by Ghanaian academics: A two-phase study","volume":"6","author":"Adarkwah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100257","article-title":"Exploring ChatGPT adoption among business and management students through the lens of diffusion of innovation theory","volume":"7","author":"Abdalla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2024.2361381","article-title":"Exploring EFL students\u2019 prompt engineering in human\u2013AI story writing: An Activity Theory perspective","volume":"33","author":"Woo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100335","article-title":"AI-powered EFL pedagogy: Integrating GenAI into university teaching preparation through UTAUT and Activity Theory","volume":"7","author":"Zakiyah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Xiao, C., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., and Qi, H. (2025). Exploring medical students\u2019 intention to use ChatGPT from a programming course: A grounded theory study in China. BMC Med. Educ., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06807-6"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00496-9","article-title":"AI ethics as a complex and multifaceted challenge: Decoding educators\u2019 AI ethics alignment through the lens of activity theory","volume":"21","author":"Kamali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"324","article-title":"Conflicting motives: Challenges of GenAI in education","volume":"50","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learn. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"9405","article-title":"Examining the impact of GenAI on social sustainability by integrating the information system success model and technology-environmental, economic, and social sustainability theory","volume":"30","author":"Alsewari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344024000259","article-title":"Examining GenAI\u2013mediated informal digital learning of English practices with social cognitive theory: A mixed-methods study","volume":"37","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/JPA.0000000000000620","article-title":"Physician Associate\/Assistant Program Medical Directors Are Important Advocates for the Physician Associate\/Assistant Profession: Results From a National Pilot Study","volume":"35","author":"Bouton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physician Assist. Educ."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"e671","article-title":"The Art of Creative Inquiry\u2014From Question Asking to Prompt Engineering","volume":"59","author":"Raz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Creat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perspectives of GenAI in Chemistry Education Within the TPACK Framework","volume":"34","author":"Blonder","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.8902","article-title":"Race with the machines: Assessing the capability of GenAI in solving authentic assessments","volume":"39","author":"Vo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.17507\/jltr.1504.34","article-title":"A Critical Look at How Lecturers in Linguistics Can Leverage Generative Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Teaching Proficiency and Students\u2019 Engagement","volume":"15","author":"Alshraah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lang. Teach. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.23.11.24","article-title":"Exploring Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of ChatGPT Integration into Physical Sciences Teaching: A Case Study at a Rural South African University","volume":"23","author":"Jere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Learn. Teach. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.18870\/hlrc.v14i2.1558","article-title":"Transformative interactions: ChatGPT\u2019s role in facilitating professional development among Vietnamese English as a foreign language teachers","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"High. Learn. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.24.1.7","article-title":"Exploring Teachers\u2019 Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Teaching","volume":"24","author":"Saharuddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Learn. Teach. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.23.3.24","article-title":"Exploring the impact of AI in language education: Vietnamese EFL teachers\u2019 views on using ChatGPT for fairy tale retelling tasks","volume":"23","author":"Hieu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Learn. Teach. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"21","article-title":"Unlocking Educational Potential: Exploring Students\u2019 Satisfaction and Sustainable Engagement with ChatGPT Using the ECM Model","volume":"23","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-025-09817-x","article-title":"A Hybrid SEM-ANN Approach for Predicting the Impact of Psychological Needs on Satisfaction with GenAI Use","volume":"30","author":"Arpaci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Knowl. Learn."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1044","article-title":"The influence of students\u2019 beliefs of ChatGPT on their intentions of using ChatGPT in learning foreign languages","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"567","article-title":"Pre-Service Science Teachers\u2019 Intention to use Generative Artificial Intelligence in Inquiry-Based Teaching","volume":"28","author":"Ramnarain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2024.2415654","article-title":"Addressing student noncompliance in AI use declarations: Implications for academic integrity and assessment in higher education","volume":"50","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.M.D., Do, H.T.N., Tran, K.M., Dang, V.T., and Nguyen, B.K.H. (2024). Integrating TAM and UGT to explore students\u2019 motivation for using ChatGPT for learning in Vietnam. J. Res. Innov. Teach. Learn., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1108\/JRIT-05-2024-0116"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemke, C., Kirchner, K., Anandarajah, L., and Herfurth, F. (2023, January 26\u201327). Exploring the Student Perspective: Assessing Technology Readiness and Acceptance for Adopting Large Language Models in Higher Education. Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on e-Learning, Pretoria, South Africa.","DOI":"10.34190\/ecel.22.1.1828"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"499","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing educators\u2019 adoption of ChatGPT: A mixed method approach","volume":"21","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interact. Technol. Smart Educ."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2024.2331646","article-title":"Research on the acceptance of ChatGPT among different college student groups based on latent class analysis","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2025.100999","article-title":"Awareness, perception, and adoption of ChatGPT in African HEIs: A multidimensional analysis","volume":"65","author":"Ojubanire","year":"2025","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-024-00343-w","article-title":"Factors driving ChatGPT continuance intention among higher education students: Integrating motivation, social dynamics, and technology adoption","volume":"12","author":"Tummalapenta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100329","article-title":"Exploring the paradoxical use of ChatGPT in education: Analyzing benefits, risks, and coping strategies through integrated UTAUT and PMT theories using a hybrid approach of SEM and fsQCA","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1108\/AEDS-04-2024-0096","article-title":"Discovering students\u2019 continuous intentions to use ChatGPT in higher education: A tale of two theories","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Educ. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2024.2400090","article-title":"Systematic review on artificial intelligence chatbots and ChatGPT for language learning and research from self-determination theory (SDT): What are the roles of teachers?","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3383773","article-title":"ChatGPT for Educational Purposes: Investigating the Impact of Knowledge Management Factors on Student Satisfaction and Continuous Usage","volume":"17","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1","article-title":"How should we change teaching and assessment in response to increasingly powerful generative artificial intelligence? Outcomes of the ChatGPT teacher survey","volume":"29","author":"Bower","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2023.2197700","article-title":"Frameworks for developing impactful systematic literature reviews and theory building: What, Why and How?","volume":"33","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, S., Dsouza, S., Joshi, M., Antoun, R., and Phan, D.H.T. (2025). Environmental, social and governance investing: Systematic literature review using ADO model. J. Account. Lit., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1108\/JAL-11-2024-0319"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13758-4","article-title":"Generative AI as a reflective scaffold in a UAV-based STEM project: A mixed-methods study on students\u2019 higher-order thinking and cognitive transformation","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2025.2553639","article-title":"How does artificial intelligence compare to human feedback? A meta-analysis of performance, feedback perception, and learning dispositions","volume":"46","author":"Kaliisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2023.101250","article-title":"Supporting students\u2019 generation of feedback in large-scale online course with artificial intelligence-enabled evaluation","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud. Educ. Eval."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100302","article-title":"Examining the relationship between the L2 motivational self system and technology acceptance model post ChatGPT introduction and utilization","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/3\/241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:21:42Z","timestamp":1772461302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/17\/3\/241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info17030241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info17030241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]}}}