{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:35:02Z","timestamp":1772930102583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 252300421518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 252300421518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 62476255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62476255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 62303427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62303427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Young Teacher Foundation of Henan Province","award":["No. 2021GGJS093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021GGJS093"]}]},{"name":"the Key Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province of China","award":["No. 25A520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 25A520003"]}]},{"name":"the Key Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province of China","award":["No. 23B413006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 23B413006"]}]},{"name":"the Key Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province of China","award":["No. 26A510009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 26A510009"]}]},{"name":"the Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province","award":["No. 242102211058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 242102211058"]}]},{"name":"the Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province","award":["No. 242102211018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 242102211018"]}]},{"name":"the Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province","award":["No. 252102211056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 252102211056"]}]},{"name":"the Young Backbone Teacher Program of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cross-subject emotion recognition using EEG remains challenging due to substantial inter-individual variability. To address this, we propose a Multi-scale Spatio-Temporal Convolution and Multi-order Gated Spatial-Channel Aggregation Network (MCF-SCA). The model leverages multi-scale spatio-temporal convolution to capture rich temporal and spatial features and applies Fast Fourier Transform to transform EEG signals into the frequency domain, enhancing emotion-related representations. A multi-order spatial-channel aggregation module is then introduced, which adaptively integrates features across spatial and channel dimensions through a gating mechanism, enabling dynamic feature weighting and more expressive emotional representations. Experiments on the DEAP dataset show accuracy gains of up to 11\u201330% for arousal and 12\u201331% for valence compared with TSception, CNN, LSTM, EEGNet, and MLP. On the DREAMER dataset, improvements reach 5\u201333% and 3.7\u201334%, respectively. These results confirm that MCF-SCA achieves superior accuracy and cross-subject adaptability, providing strong support for emotion-based brain\u2013computer interface applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17030257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:31:14Z","timestamp":1772706674000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MCF-SCA: A Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Convolution and Multi-Order Gated Spatial-Channel Aggregation Networks for Cross-Subject EEG-Based Emotion Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4100-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinghui","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaoshuai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaofen","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongquan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1130-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fubao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changxiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03887-9","article-title":"EEG Dataset for the Recognition of Different Emotions Induced in Voice-User Interaction","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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