{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:59:16Z","timestamp":1773215956199,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a new class of intelligent systems capable of reasoning over heterogeneous knowledge and interacting with human operators, yet their role in renewable energy systems remains insufficiently synthesized. This review provides a dedicated, systematic examination of LLMs as knowledge-centric, human-oriented decision-support tools for renewable energy infrastructure. In contrast to existing surveys that primarily emphasize numerical optimization, forecasting, or conventional machine learning methods, this work focuses on how LLMs enable textual reasoning, regulatory interpretation, operational intelligence, and interactive support across energy system lifecycles. We present a structured overview of recent literature, categorizing LLM applications by their functional roles in analysis, control, operation, and policy support. Furthermore, we analyze the contributions of LLMs to key decision-support tasks, including information retrieval, incident analysis, operational coordination, and strategic planning in smart grids and microgrids. The review also critically examines current limitations and risks associated with deploying LLMs in energy systems, including hallucination, reliability, domain adaptation, explainability, and real-time operational constraints. Finally, we identify emerging research directions, including energy-efficient LLM deployment, sustainability-aware AI design, and the alignment of LLM-based solutions with the goals of resilient, low-carbon, and environmentally sustainable energy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17030271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:49:42Z","timestamp":1773071382000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of LLMs for Sustainable and Renewable Energy Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7116-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderaouf","family":"Bahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Laboratory (LIMA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Chadli Bendjedid University, P.O. Box 73, El Tarf 36000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Aymen Dia","family":"Eddine Berini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Ferrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5701-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Ourici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation Laboratory (LAM2SIN), Faculty of Technology, Badji Mokhtar University, P.O. Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7363-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norziana","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5360-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandros","family":"Maglaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.05.010","article-title":"Study on heat storage performance of a novel vertical shell and multi-finned tube tank","volume":"193","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. 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