{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:17:47Z","timestamp":1785403067896,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62362013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62362013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62362013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62362013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["Guike AB25069120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike AB25069120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of blockchain into parked vehicle edge computing (PVEC) has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate the inherent trust challenges in distributed and untrusted computing environments. However, during task offloading and consensus, vehicles are vulnerable to location information disclosure, leading to privacy leakage. To address this problem, we propose a location differential privacy-enabled blockchain PVEC (DBPVEC) framework to protect location information during offloading and consensus. Specifically, we design a location differential privacy mechanism based on the Laplace mechanism and theoretically prove that it satisfies \u03b5-differential privacy. This mechanism perturbs vehicles\u2019 locations, and a privacy-preserving offloading strategy is designed to enhance the Hotstuff consensus and protect location privacy in edge computing. Subsequently, we formulate a joint optimization problem, considering system energy consumption, latency, and privacy strength. To solve it, we design a two-layer deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, with a Deep Q-Network (DQN) as the upper layer and a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) as the lower layer, to determine the optimal offloading strategy. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme achieves significant reductions compared to the two baseline methods: the total cost decreases by 68.31% and 63.25%, energy consumption by 9.96% and 16.27%, and delay by 31.46% and 18.07%, respectively. Moreover, it effectively preserves vehicle location privacy during task offloading and consensus while maintaining favorable performance in energy consumption and latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17040339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:59:01Z","timestamp":1775055541000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task Offloading of Parked Vehicles Edge Computing Based on Differential Privacy Hotstuff"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6694-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoling","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Industrial Internet Security and Blockchain, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4076-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Industrial Internet Security and Blockchain, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2543-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Industrial Internet Security and Blockchain, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3937-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Industrial Internet Security and Blockchain, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Industrial Internet Security and Blockchain, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66649","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2879578","article-title":"Parked Vehicle Edge Computing: Exploiting Opportunistic Resources for Distributed Mobile Applications","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2961663","article-title":"Optimal Task Assignment with Delay Constraint for Parked Vehicle Assisted Edge Computing: A Stackelberg Game Approach","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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