{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:26:05Z","timestamp":1776425165796,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Program","award":["2025R0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R0103"]}]},{"award":["2025R0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R0103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rgzpv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171243"]}]},{"award":["42171243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171243"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As AI-powered learning tools become more common in educational settings, understanding their acceptance mechanisms is increasingly important. This study examines how the design attributes of AI museum guides\u2014anthropomorphism, interactivity, and personalization\u2014are associated with the acceptance intention and perceived learning outcomes among Chinese high school students with prior museum experience. Using structural equation modeling with 324 participants, we test whether these features relate to acceptance through two affective pathways: perceived warmth and anxiety reduction. The results reveal distinct patterns: anthropomorphism shows an indirect-only association with anxiety reduction through perceived warmth; interactivity is associated with anxiety reduction through responsive feedback; and personalization serves dual functions, enhancing both pathways. Anxiety reduction shows strong positive associations with both acceptance intention and perceived learning outcomes. The multi-group analysis shows that most pathways function equivalently across genders, with one exception where anxiety reduction more strongly predicts learning outcomes for females than males. These findings reveal distinct psychological functions within the Chinese educational context: anthropomorphism influences anxiety reduction exclusively through perceived warmth, while personalization and interactivity provide both affective and cognitive support. The implications for AI museum guide design in similar contexts are discussed. The generalizability to other cultural contexts and populations, such as Western students or adult learners, requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info17040376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1776420664000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI Museum Guides Acceptance for History Learning: Design Attributes, Dual Affective Pathways, and Largely Invariant Gender Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}]},{"given":"Xuezhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design Art, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Digital Communication, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451191, China"}]},{"given":"Chaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5375-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design Art, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64363-3","article-title":"An explanatory study of factors influencing engagement in AI education at the K-12 level: An extension of the classic TAM model","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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