{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:36:29Z","timestamp":1760243789557,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]],"date-time":"2011-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic specificity information \u201cseen by\u201d the transcriptase is in terms of hydrogen bonded proton states, which initially are metastable amino (\u2013NH2) and, consequently, are subjected to quantum uncertainty limits. This introduces a probability of arrangement, keto-amino \u2192 enol-imine, where product protons participate in coupled quantum oscillations at frequencies of ~ 1013 s\u22121 and are entangled. The enzymatic ket for the four G\u2032-C\u2032 coherent protons is \u2502\u03c8 &gt; = \u03b1\u2502+ \u2212 + \u2212 &gt; + \u03b2\u2502+ \u2212 \u2212 + &gt; + \u03b3\u2502\u2212 + + \u2212 &gt; + \u03b4\u2502\u2212 + \u2212 + &gt;. Genetic specificities of superposition states are processed quantum mechanically, in an interval \u2206t &lt; &lt; 10\u221213 s, causing an additional entanglement between coherent protons and transcriptase units. The input qubit at G-C sites causes base substitution, whereas coherent states within A-T sites cause deletion. Initially decohered enol and imine G\u2032 and *C isomers are \u201centanglement-protected\u201d and participate in Topal-Fresco substitution-replication which, in the 2nd round of growth, reintroduces the metastable keto-amino state. Since experimental lifetimes of metastable keto-amino states at 37 \u00b0C are \u2265 ~3000 y, approximate quantum methods for small times, t &lt; ~100 y, yield the probability, P(t), of keto-amino \u2192 enol-imine as P\u03c1(t) = \u00bd (\u03b3\u03c1\/\u0127)2 t2. This approximation introduces a quantum Darwinian evolution model which (a) simulates incidence of cancer data and (b) implies insight into quantum information origins for evolutionary extinction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info2010166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]],"date-time":"2011-02-25T10:46:03Z","timestamp":1298630763000},"page":"166-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Accuracy in Biological Information Technology Involves Enzymatic Quantum Processing and Entanglement of Decohered Isomers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Willis Grant","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Physics Health and Energy, Inc., 5109 82nd Street, Suite 7, Lubbock, TX 79424, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-009-0123-z","article-title":"Processing images in entangled quantum systems","volume":"9","author":"Ball","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.483","article-title":"Toward quantum chemistry on a quantum computer","volume":"2","author":"Lanyon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08812","article-title":"Quantum computers","volume":"464","author":"Ladd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nielson, M. A., and Chuang, I.L. (2000). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.080502","article-title":"Quantum adiabatic brachistochrone","volume":"108","author":"Rezakhani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vedral, V. (2007). Introduction to Quantum Information Science, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199215706.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2976\/1.3244985","article-title":"Quantum physics meets biology","volume":"3","author":"Arndt","year":"2009","journal-title":"HFSP J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-009-9293-8","article-title":"Necessity of quantum coherence to account for the spectrum of time-dependent mutations exhibited by bacteriophage T4","volume":"47","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2009.04.010","article-title":"Evidence for transcriptase quantum processing implies entanglement and decoherence of superposition proton states","volume":"97","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, W.G. (2011). Coherent states as consequences of keto-amino \u2192 enol-imine hydrogen bond arrangements driven by quantum uncertainty limits on amino DNA protons. Int. J. Quantum Chem., in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/qua.22834"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Morris, J.E. (2010). Computer Science Research and the Internet, Nova Scientific Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Moran, A.M. (2010). Quantum Entanglement, Nova Scientific Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, W.G. (2011). The molecular clock in terms of quantum information processing of coherent states, entanglement and replication of evolutionarily selected decohered isomers. Interdsci. Comput. Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-011-0065-x"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13994","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404142101","article-title":"Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo sequence analysis reveals varying neutral substitution patterns in mammalian evolution","volume":"101","author":"Hwang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030225","article-title":"Genetic progression and the waiting time to cancer","volume":"3","author":"Beerenwinkel","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000015","article-title":"Mutations of different molecular origins exhibit contrasting patterns of regional substitution rate variation","volume":"4","author":"Elango","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Estimation of in-vivo miscoding rates. Quantitative behavior of two classes of heat-induced DNA lesions","volume":"202","author":"ipley","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00566059","article-title":"T4 phage evolution data in terms of a time-dependent Topal-Fresco mechanism","volume":"32","author":"Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"213","article-title":"Quantum genetics and the aperiodic solid: Some aspects on the biological problems of heredity, mutations, aging and tumors in view of the quantum theory of the DNA molecule","volume":"2","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Quantum Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheiner, S. (1997). Hydrogen Bonding. A Theoretical Perspective, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195090116.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.052105","article-title":"Entanglement and quantal coherence: Study of two limiting cases of rapid system-bath interactions","volume":"65","author":"Bell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-4075\/40\/9\/S06","article-title":"Optimal control of quantum gates and suppression of decoherence in a system of interacting two-level particles","volume":"40","author":"Grace","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10052084","article-title":"A possible mechanism for evading temperature quantum decoherence in living matter by Feshbach resonance","volume":"10","author":"Poccia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3460262","article-title":"Overlapping resonances in the resistance of superposition states to decohere","volume":"133","author":"Biswas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1063\/1.881293","article-title":"Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical","volume":"44","author":"Zurek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/425028a","article-title":"Entanglements hit the big time","volume":"425","author":"Vedral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hines, A.P., McKenzie, R.H., and Milburn, G.J. (2003). Entanglement of two-mode Bose-Einstein condensates. Phys. Rev. A, 67, Art No.013609.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.67.013609"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Entanglement detection","volume":"74","author":"Guehne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rep. Rev. Sect. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/263285a0","article-title":"Complementary base pairing and the origin of base substitutions","volume":"263","author":"Topal","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.47.3.403","article-title":"On the topography of the genetic fine structure","volume":"47","author":"Benzer","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.4.1269","article-title":"Heat mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4: The transition pathway","volume":"73","author":"Baltz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.11.4159","article-title":"Heat mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4: The transversion pathway","volume":"73","author":"Bingham","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00554729","article-title":"Evolutionary origin of expandable G-C rich triplet repeat DNA sequences","volume":"33","author":"Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(80)90377-X","article-title":"On the role of aging in cancer incidence","volume":"83","author":"Dix","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Theoret. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00161a061","article-title":"The importance of secondary interactions in triply hydrogen-bonded complexes: guanine\u2013cytosine vs uracil\u2013diaminopyridine","volume":"112","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00008a002","article-title":"OPLS potential functions for nucleotide bases. Relative association constants of hydrogen bonded base pairs in chloroform","volume":"113","author":"Pranata","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Merzbacher, E. (1997). Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3490494","article-title":"Physicists invited to apply their insights to cancer","volume":"63","author":"Feder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"147","article-title":"Roles of evolution, quantum mechanics and point mutations in origins of cancer","volume":"13","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"151","article-title":"Hypothesis on a causal link between EMF and an evolutionary class of cancer and spontaneous abortion","volume":"15","author":"Cooper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908428107","article-title":"Mutant p53 drives metastasis and overcomes growth arrest\/senescence in pancreatic cancer","volume":"107","author":"Morton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8734(95)00021-W","article-title":"Human aging is associated with stochastic somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"338","author":"Kadenbach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutation Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"111","article-title":"Our load of mutations","volume":"2","author":"Muller","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.496","article-title":"Age-specific trends in incidence of noncardia gastric cancer in US adults","volume":"303","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708024105","article-title":"Life history trade-offs explain the evolution of human pygmies","volume":"104","author":"Migliano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.11.008","article-title":"Evolution of the human pygmy phenotype","volume":"24","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evolut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188021","article-title":"A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome","volume":"328","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-1-29","article-title":"The ancient virus world and evolution of cells","volume":"1","author":"Koonin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-5-19","article-title":"Cancer models, genomic instability and somatic cellular Darwinian evolution","volume":"5","author":"Little","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08811","article-title":"Coherently wired light-harvesting in photosynthetic marine algae at ambient temperature","volume":"463","author":"Collini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allemann, R.K. (2009). Quantum Tunneling in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847559975"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bothma, J.P., Gilmore, J.B., and McKenzie, R.H. (2010). The role of quantum effects in proton transfer reactions inenzymes: quantum tunneling in a noisy environment. New J. Phys., 12, Art No. 055002.","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/5\/055002"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/2\/1\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:20Z","timestamp":1760219720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/2\/1\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info2010166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info2010166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]]}}}