{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:36:49Z","timestamp":1760243809265,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,23]],"date-time":"2011-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In his article Open Problems in the Philosophy of Information [1] Luciano Floridi presented a Philosophy of Information research program in the form of eighteen open problems, covering the following fundamental areas: Information definition, information semantics, intelligence\/cognition, informational universe\/nature and values\/ethics. We revisit Floridi\u2019s program, highlighting some of the major advances, commenting on unsolved problems and rendering the new landscape of the Philosophy of Information (PI) emerging at present. As we analyze the progress of PI we try to situate Floridi\u2019s program in the context of scientific and technological development that have been made last ten years. We emphasize that Philosophy of Information is a huge and vibrant research field, with its origins dating before Open Problems, and its domains extending even outside their scope. In this paper, we have been able only to sketch some of the developments during the past ten years. Our hope is that, even if fragmentary, this review may serve as a contribution to the effort of understanding the present state of the art and the paths of development of Philosophy of Information as seen through the lens of Open Problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info2020327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,23]],"date-time":"2011-05-23T09:52:28Z","timestamp":1306144348000},"page":"327-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Floridi\u2019s \u201cOpen Problems in Philosophy of Information\u201d, Ten Years Later"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9881-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordana","family":"Dodig Crnkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e4lardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Box 883, SE-72123 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hofkirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.2004.00336.x","article-title":"Open problems in the Philosophy of Information","volume":"35","author":"Floridi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"van Benthem, J., and Adriaans, P. (2008). Philosophy of Information, North Holland."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (1999). Philosophy and Computing: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, Inc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010018611096","article-title":"Information ethics: On the philosophical foundation of computer ethics","volume":"1","author":"Floridi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011440125207","article-title":"Artificial evil and the foundation of computer ethics","volume":"3","author":"Floridi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9973.00221","article-title":"What is the Philosophy of Information?","volume":"33","author":"Floridi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015209807065","article-title":"Mapping the foundationalist debate in computer ethics","volume":"4","author":"Floridi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026241332041","article-title":"Two approaches to the Philosophy of Information","volume":"13","author":"Floridi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2003). Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1111\/b.9780631229193.2003.00002.x"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"7","article-title":"Informational Realism","volume":"37","author":"Floridi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Selected Papers from Conference on Computers and philosophy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MIND.0000021684.50925.c9","article-title":"Outline of a theory of strongly semantic information","volume":"14","author":"Floridi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d","article-title":"On the Morality of Artificial Agents","volume":"14","author":"Floridi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/1195716.1195719","article-title":"Information ethics, its nature and scope","volume":"36","author":"Floridi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Understanding Information Ethics","volume":"7","author":"Floridi","year":"2007","journal-title":"APA Newslett. Philos. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9081-3","article-title":"A Praxical solution of the symbol grounding problem","volume":"17","author":"Taddeo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9176-4","article-title":"Information ethics: A reappraisal","volume":"10","author":"Floridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2008). Philosophy of Computing and Information: 5 Questions, Automatic Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-008-9113-7","article-title":"The method of levels of abstraction","volume":"18","author":"Floridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9176-4","article-title":"Information ethics: A reappraisal","volume":"10","author":"Floridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-007-9163-z","article-title":"A defence of informational structural realism","volume":"161","author":"Floridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240902848583","article-title":"The information society and its philosophy: Introduction to the special issue on \u201cthe Philosophy of Information, its Nature, and future developments\u201d","volume":"25","author":"Floridi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inform. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4","article-title":"Understanding information ethics: Replies to comments","volume":"8","author":"Floridi","year":"2009","journal-title":"APA Newslett. Philos. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-009-9187-9","article-title":"The ethics of information transparency","volume":"11","author":"Turilli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9112-x","article-title":"The Philosophy of Information as a Conceptual Framework","volume":"23","author":"Floridi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowl. Technol. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2010). The Cambridge Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511845239"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2010). Information: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780199551378.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2011). The Philosophy of Information, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199232383.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.2010.01646.x","article-title":"Putting information first: Luciano Floridi and the philosophy of information","volume":"41","author":"Allo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9095-7","article-title":"The fourth revolution: Philosophical foundations and technological implications","volume":"23","author":"Demir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowl. Technol. Policy."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025026116766","article-title":"Connecting the different faces of information","volume":"12","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Logic Lang. Inform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440370109","article-title":"The concept of information","volume":"37","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Inform. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Addis, T., Visscher, B.F., Billinge, D., and Gooding, D. (2005). The Grand Challenge of Non-Classical Computation, CPHC."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luhn, G. (2011). Towards an Ontology of Information and succeeding Fundamentals in Computing Science. Triple-C, 9, (in print).","DOI":"10.31269\/triplec.v9i2.297"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00659-3_10","article-title":"One or many concepts of information?","volume":"5363","author":"Sommaruga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/e5010001","article-title":"Papers from the foundations of information science 2002 (FIS 2002)","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.31269\/triplec.v7i2.148","article-title":"What is really information? An interdisciplinary approach","volume":"7","year":"2009","journal-title":"Triple C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgin, M. (2010). Theory of Information: Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/7048"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hofstadter, D. (1985). Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4878","article-title":"The Cybersemiotics and Info-computationalist research programmes as platforms for knowledge production in organisms and machines","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lyre, H. (2002). Informationstheorie: Eine Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Einf\u00fchrung, Wilhelm Fink Verlag."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"von Baeyer, H. (2004). Information: The New Language of Science, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roederer, J. (2005). Information and Its Role in Nature, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27698-X"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Seife, C. (2006). Decoding the Universe: How the New Science of Information is Explaining Everything in the Cosmos, from Our Brains to Black Holes, Viking."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G. (2006). Investigations into Information Semantics and Ethics of Computing, M\u00e4lardalen University Press."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Muller, S. (2007). Asymmetry the Foundation of Information, Springer."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brier, S. (2008). Cybersemiotics: Why Information Is Not Enough!, University of Toronto Press.","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442687813"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10539-007-9066-x","article-title":"Propagating organization: An enquiry","volume":"23","author":"Kauffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Philos."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2010). A unified theory of information: An outline. Bitrumagora, 64."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, P., and Gregersen, N.H. (2010). Information and the Nature of Reality from Physics to Metaphysics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511778759"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G., and Burgin, M. (2010). Information and Computation, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/7637"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hooker, C., Gabbay, D.M., Thagard, P., and Woods, J. (2011). Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, Elsevier. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (1999). The Quest for a Unified Theory of Information, Gordon and Breach."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(95)01597-3","article-title":"Emergent information. Towards a unified information theory","volume":"38","author":"Fleissner","year":"1996","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (1999). The Quest for a Unified Theory of Information, Gordon and Breach."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Dretske, F. (1999). Knowledge and the Flow of Information, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barwise, J., and Seligman, J. (1997). Information Flow: the Logic of Distributed Systems, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511895968"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Benthem, J. (2011). Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511974533"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026296600182","article-title":"Logic and the dynamics of information","volume":"13","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G., and Stuart, S. (2007). Computation, Information, Cognition: The Nexus and the Liminal, Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G. (2009). Information and Computation Nets: Investigations into Info-Computational World, Vdm Verlag."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G., and Burgin, M. (2009). Information and Computation, World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Vallverd\u00fa, J. (2010). Biological Information and Natural Computation in Thinking Machines and the Philosophy of Computer Science: Concepts and Principles, Information Science Reference."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/e12040878","article-title":"The Cybersemiotics and Info-computationalist research programmes as platforms for knowledge production in organisms and machines","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, B., Cobley, P., and Thellefsen, T. (2011). Festschrift for S\u00f8ren Brier, CBS University Press. (in review).","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.2011.072"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MIND.0000005133.87521.5c","article-title":"On Communication and Computation","volume":"14","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mind Mach."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Burgin, M. (2004). Super-Recursive Algorithms Monographs, Springer-Verlag New York Inc."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Babao\u011flu, O. (2005). Self-Star Properties in Complex Information Systems Conceptual and Practical Foundations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2010). Twenty Questions about a Unified Theory of Information: A Short Exploration into Information from a Complex Systems View, Emergent Publications."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheutz, M. (2002). Computationalism New Directions, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2030.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Kampis, G. (1991). Self-modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science: A New Framework for Dynamics, Information, and Complexity, Pergamon Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-011-9235-1","article-title":"Significance of models of computation from turing model to natural computation","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mind. Mach."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.3390\/e12081902","article-title":"Cybersemiotics: An evolutionary world view going beyond entropy and information into the question of meaning","volume":"12","author":"Brier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2011). Emergent Information: An Outline Unified Theory of Information Framework, World Scientific Publishing Co.","DOI":"10.1142\/7805"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2011). Four ways of thinking in information. Triple-C, 9. (in press).","DOI":"10.3390\/fis2010-00339"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Lloyd, S. (2006). Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos, Knopf. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Vedral, V. (2010). Decoding Reality: The Universe as Quantum Information, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90087-6","article-title":"The symbol grounding problem","volume":"42","author":"Harnad","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Ziemke, T. (, January May). Rethinking grounding. Does Representation Need Reality?, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Smolensky, P., and Legendre, G. (2006). The Harmonic Mind: From Neural Computation to Optimality-Theoretic Grammar, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.1995.tb00100.x","article-title":"Information and meaning: Foundations for an intersubjective account","volume":"5","author":"Mingers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Inform. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-7727(00)00005-1","article-title":"Embodying information systems: The contribution of phenomenology","volume":"11","author":"Mingers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inform. Organ"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11299-007-0035-5","article-title":"Empirical modeling and information semantics","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mind Soc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9097-5","article-title":"A critical analysis of floridi's theory of semantic information","volume":"23","author":"Adriaans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowl. Technol. Policy"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G. (2007). Computation, Information, Cognition-The Nexus and the Liminal, Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9072-4","article-title":"The Metaphilosophy of Information","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mind. Mach."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"9","article-title":"Epistemology naturalized: The Info-Computationalist approach","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"APA Newslett. Philos. Comput."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10699-010-9181-z","article-title":"Development (and evolution) of the universe","volume":"15","author":"Salthe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Found. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Chaitin, G. Dijon Lecture. Available online: http:\/\/www.cs.auckland.ac.nz\/CDMTCS\/chaitin (accessed on 11 May 2011)."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"373","article-title":"What do mathematicians want? Probabilistic proofs and the epistemic goals of mathematicians","volume":"45","author":"Fallis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Logique Anal."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-007-9054-2","article-title":"Logical pluralism and semantic information","volume":"36","author":"Allo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Philos. Logic"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"182","article-title":"Logical pluralism meets logical dynamics?","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Logic"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1","article-title":"On Abstract intelligence: Toward a unifying theory of natural, artificial, machinable, and computational intelligence","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Software Sci. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilova, M.L., Tan, C.J.K., Wang, Y., and Chan, K.C.C. (2009). Transactions on Computational Science V, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02097-1"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward a formal knowledge system theory and its cognitive informatics foundations","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"6","article-title":"On contemporary denotational mathematics for computational intelligence","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2009.2013721","article-title":"Contemporary cybernetics and its facets of cognitive informatics and computational intelligence","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1","article-title":"The theoretical framework of cognitive informatics","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cognit. Inform. Nat. Intell."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Maturana, H. (1970). Biology of Cognition, Defense Technical Information Center."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maturana, H., and Varela, F. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"On abstract intelligence: toward a unifying theory of natural, artificial, machinable, and computational intelligence","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Software Sci. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stonier, T. (1997). Information and Meaning: An Evolutionary Perspective, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0977-8"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Wolfram, S. (2002). A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zenil, H. (2011). Randomness through Computation: Some Answers, More Questions, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814327756"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1848","article-title":"The blue brain project","volume":"7","author":"Markram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2002). Projekt Eine Welt: Kognition-Kommunikation-Kooperation: Versuch u\u0307ber die Selbstorganisation der Informationsgesellschaft, Lit."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.1.7","article-title":"The extended mind","volume":"58","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Oeser, E. (1976). Wissenschaft und Information: Systematische Grundlagen einer Theorie der Wissenschaftsentwicklung, Oldenbourg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladyman, J., Ross, D., Spurrett, D., and Collier, J. (2007). Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised, Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199276196.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/438743a","article-title":"The message of the quantum","volume":"438","author":"Zeilinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-6-6","article-title":"Scale-free flow of life: On the biology, economics, and physics of the cell","volume":"6","author":"Kurakin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Med. Model."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Froehlich, T. (2004). A Brief History of Information Ethics, Facultat de Biblioteconomia i Documentaci\u00f3."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Boltuc, P. (2008). APA Newsletters, Springer."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Boltuc, P. (2008). APA Newsletters, Springer."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9172-8","article-title":"Luciano Floridi's philosophy of information and information ethics: Critical reflections and the state of the art","volume":"10","author":"Ess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethics Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir, H. (2011). Luciano Floridi's Philosophy of Technology: Critical Reflections\u2014Philosophy and Engineering Series, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4292-5"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Rafael, C., and John, H. (2011). Contributions to Angeletics, Fink Verlag."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9108-6","article-title":"How to design the infosphere: The fourth revolution, the management of the life cycle of information, and information ethics as a macroethics","volume":"23","author":"Hofkirchner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowl. Technol. Policy"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/4.4.443","article-title":"Biology, molecular and organismic","volume":"4","author":"Dobzhansky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. Zool."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/2\/2\/327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:10Z","timestamp":1760219770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/2\/2\/327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,23]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["info2020327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info2020327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,23]]}}}