{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:37:54Z","timestamp":1760243874298,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Processes considered rendering information dynamics have been studied, among others in: questions and answers, observations, communication, learning, belief revision, logical inference, game-theoretic interactions and computation. This article will put the computational approaches into a broader context of natural computation, where information dynamics is not only found in human communication and computational machinery but also in the entire nature. Information is understood as representing the world (reality as an informational web) for a cognizing agent, while information dynamics (information processing, computation) realizes physical laws through which all the changes of informational structures unfold. Computation as it appears in the natural world is more general than the human process of calculation modeled by the Turing machine. Natural computing is epitomized through the interactions of concurrent, in general asynchronous computational processes which are adequately represented by what Abramsky names \u201cthe second generation models of computation\u201d [1] which we argue to be the most general representation of information dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info2030460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,5]],"date-time":"2011-08-05T08:19:22Z","timestamp":1312532362000},"page":"460-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Dynamics of Information as Natural Computation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9881-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordana","family":"Dodig Crnkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e4lardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"van Benthem, J., and Adriaans, P. (2008). Philosophy of Information, North Holland."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Crnkovic, G.D. (2009). Information and Computation Nets. Investigations into Info-Computational World, VDM Verlag Dr. Muller."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Crnkovic, G.D. (2006). Investigations into Information Semantics and Ethics of Computing, M\u00e4lardalen University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-011-9235-1","article-title":"Significance of models of computation from turing model to natural computation","volume":"21","author":"Crnkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Crnkovic, G.D., and Burgin, M. (2010). A Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems: Info-Computational vs. Mechanistic, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Althoff, K.-D., Dengel, A., Bergmann, R., Nick, M., and Roth-Berghofer, T. (2005). WM2005: Professional Knowledge Management, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/11590019"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-010-9562-8","article-title":"Analog and digital, continuous and discrete","volume":"155","author":"Maley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Stud."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Van Benthem, J., and Adriaans, P. (2008). Philosophy of Information, North Holland."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dretske, F. (1999). Knowledge and the Flow of Information, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barwise, J., and Seligman, J. (1997). Information Flow: The Logic of Distributed Systems, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511895968"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgin, M. (2010). Theory of Information: Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.","DOI":"10.1142\/7048"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2011). The Philosophy of Information, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199232383.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9973.00221","article-title":"What is the philosophy of information?","volume":"33","author":"Floridi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Benthem, J. (2011). Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511974533"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2011). Emergent Information. An Outline Unified Theory of Information Framework, World Scientific Publishing Co.","DOI":"10.1142\/7805"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hofkirchner, W. (2010). Twenty Questions About a Unified Theory of Information: A Short Exploration into Information from a Complex Systems View, Emergent Publications."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G., and Burgin, M. (2009). Information and Computation, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallverd\u00fa, J. (2010). Thinking Machines and the Philosophy of Computer Science: Concepts and Principles, Information Science Reference (IGI Global).","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61692-014-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-007-9163-z","article-title":"A defence of informational structural realism","volume":"161","author":"Floridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sayre, K.M. (1976). Cybernetics and the Philosophy of Mind, Routledge & Kegan Paul."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Zuse, K. (1969). Calculating Space, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Fredkin, E. (1992, January 22-28). Finite Nature. Les Arcs, Savoie, France."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wolfram, S. (2002). A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G. (2007). Computation, Information, Cognition\u2014The Nexus and the Liminal, Cambridge Scholars Publisher."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Lloyd, S. (2006). Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos, Knopf. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, B., Cobley, P., and Thellefsen, T. (2011). Festschrift for S\u00f8ren Brier, CBS University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.2011.072"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G., and Burgin, M. (2011). Information and Computation, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.","DOI":"10.1142\/7637"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4878","article-title":"The Cybersemiotics and Info-computationalist research programmes as platforms for knowledge production in organisms and machines","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology, University Of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"van Benthem, J., and Adriaans, P. (2008). Philosophy of Information, North Holland."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rideau, S., and Winskel, G. (2011, January 21-24). Concurrent Strategies. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/LICS.2011.13"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00413598","article-title":"General semantics","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"1970","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"332","article-title":"An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory (abstract)","volume":"41","author":"Church","year":"1935","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2307\/2371045","article-title":"An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory","volume":"58","author":"Church","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am. J. Math."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Burgin, M. (2004). Super-Recursive Algorithms Monographs, Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-011-9235-1","article-title":"Significance of models of computation from turing model to natural computation","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Kampis, G. (1991). Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science: A New Framework for Dynamics, Information, and Complexity, Pergamon Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1145\/1400181.1400200","article-title":"The many facets of natural computing","volume":"51","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"48","article-title":"Morphological computation: Connecting body, brain and environment","volume":"58","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jan. Sci. Mon."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.12.080","article-title":"Morphological computation for adaptive behavior and cognition","volume":"1291","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Congr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Calude, C. (2007). Epistemology as Computation (Information Processing), World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G., and Stuart, S. (2007). Computation, Information, Cognition: The Nexus and the Liminal, Cambridge Scholars Publisher."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Dodig Crnkovic, G. (2007, January 8\u201311). Knowledge Generation as Natural Computation. Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"12","article-title":"Knowledge generation as natural computation","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Syst. Cybern. Inf."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Hagengruber, R. Philosophy's Relevance in Information Science, Springer. in press."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"12","article-title":"Knowledge generation as natural computation","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Syst. Cybern. Inf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Roth-Berghofer, T., Moeller, M., and Neuser, W. (2008, January 1\u20132). Semantics of Information as Interactive Computation. Kaiserslautern, Germany."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11299-007-0035-5","article-title":"Empirical modeling and information semantics","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mind Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/e12040878","article-title":"The cybersemiotics and info-computationalist research programmes as platforms for knowledge production in organisms and machines","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"The Organic Computing Page Available online: http:\/\/www.organic-computing.org\/ (accessed on 19 July 2011)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, S.B., L\u00f6we, B., and Sorbi, A. (2008). New Computational Paradigms, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68546-5"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, A., and Millican, P.J.R. (1996). Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing (Vol I), Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198235934.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, S.B., L\u00f6we, B., and Sorbi, A. (2008). New Computational Paradigms: Changing Conceptions of What is Computable, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68546-5"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90186-S","article-title":"Digital mechanics: An information process based on reversible universal cellular automata","volume":"45","author":"Fredkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. D"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Gardner, M. (1983). Wheels, Life, and other Mathematical Amusements, W.H.Fr.eman & Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25088\/ComplexSystems.15.1.1","article-title":"Universality in elementary cellular automata","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Complex Syst."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Piccinini, G. Computation in physical systems. Available online: http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/ (accessed on 19 July 2011)."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zenil, H. (2011). Randomness Through Computation: Some Answers, More Questions, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814327756"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Kurzweil, R. (1999). The Age of Spiritual Machines, When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence, Viking Adult."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/00048409912348801","article-title":"Beyond the universal turing machine","volume":"77","author":"Copeland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australas. J. Philos."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kurzweil, R. Available online: http:\/\/www.kurzweilai.net\/articles\/art0464.html?printable=1 (accessed on 19 July 2011)."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/2\/3\/460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:58Z","timestamp":1760219818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/2\/3\/460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["info2030460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info2030460","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]]}}}