{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:25:45Z","timestamp":1776997545220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]],"date-time":"2012-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of information plays a fundamental role in our everyday experience, but is conspicuously absent in framework of classical physics. Over the last century, quantum theory and a series of other developments in physics and related subjects have brought the concept of information and the interface between an agent and the physical world into increasing prominence. As a result, over the last few decades, there has arisen a growing belief amongst many physicists that the concept of information may have a critical role to play in our understanding of the workings of the physical world, both in more deeply understanding existing physical theories and in formulating of new theories. In this paper, I describe the origin of the informational view of physics, illustrate some of the work inspired by this view, and give some indication of its implications for the development of a new conception of physical reality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info3040567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]],"date-time":"2012-10-17T11:14:50Z","timestamp":1350472490000},"page":"567-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Information Physics\u2014Towards a New Conception of Physical Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Goyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University at Albany (SUNY), 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"More generally, the knowledge that an agent (be the agent ideal or non-ideal) possesses about the state of a system can be represented by a probability distribution over the state space of the system. This distribution itself is often also referred to as \u201cthe state\u201d of the system. If the distribution picks out a single state, as would it be in the case of an ideal agent, it is said to be pure."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"This characterization holds true for an N-dimensional quantum system. In that case, the state is represented by  where Viis the th eigenstate of measurement operator , and measurement A will yield information about the  (which constitute  independent degrees of freedom since ) at the expense of information about the  (which constitute  independent degrees of freedom since the overall phase of the state is predictively irrelevant)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"If one is willing to sacrifice repeatability, then it is possible to perform measurements\u2014known as informationally-complete measurements\u2014which are capable of accessing all of the degrees of freedom of a quantum state."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"It is, however, possible for the two agents to distinguish between these two entangled states if they allowed to perform a sufficient number of different measurements on many identically-prepared copies of the two spins."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.1.195","article-title":"On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox","volume":"1","author":"Bell","year":"1964","journal-title":"Physics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1119\/1.3243279","article-title":"The EPR paradox, Bell\u2019s inequality, and the question of locality","volume":"78","author":"Blaylock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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