{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:29:13Z","timestamp":1760243353841,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]],"date-time":"2014-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper uses an approach drawn from the ideas of computer systems modelling to produce a model for information itself. The model integrates evolutionary, static and dynamic views of information and highlights the relationship between symbolic content and the physical world. The model includes what information technology practitioners call \u201cnon-functional\u201d attributes, which, for information, include information quality and information friction. The concepts developed in the model enable a richer understanding of Floridi\u2019s questions \u201cwhat is information?\u201d and \u201cthe informational circle: how can information be assessed?\u201d (which he numbers P1 and P12).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info5030479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]],"date-time":"2014-09-18T11:47:31Z","timestamp":1411040851000},"page":"479-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Model for Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Walton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capgemini UK, No. 1, Forge End, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6DB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Silver, G., and Silver, M. (1989). 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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, John Murray.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.68064"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Strahan and Cadell.","DOI":"10.1093\/oseo\/instance.00043218"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Avgeriou, P., and Uwe, Z. (, January July). Architectural patterns revisited: A pattern language. Proceedings of 10th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPlop 2005), Bavaria, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/info5010001","article-title":"The SP Theory of Intelligence: Benefits and Applications","volume":"5","author":"Wolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow, Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgin, M. (2010). Theory of Information: Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification, World Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.1142\/7048"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harary, F. (1969). Graph Theory, Addison-Wesley.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0705364"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7177(97)00050-2","article-title":"Dynamic Graph Models","volume":"25","author":"Harary","year":"1997","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 9075-11: Information technology\u2014Database languages\u2014SQL\u2014Part 11: Information and Definition Schemas (SQL\/Schemata). Available online:http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38645."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Tulving, E., and Donaldson, W. (1972). 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Quality Information and Knowledge, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/info5010172","article-title":"Equivalence of the Symbol Grounding and Quantum System Identification Problems","volume":"5","author":"Fields","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/info5010134","article-title":"Information: A Personal Synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Brenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.S., and Duguid, P. (2000). 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