{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:29:33Z","timestamp":1760243373351,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In hierarchical SIP networks, paging is performed to reduce location update signaling cost for mobility management. However, the cost efficiency largely depends on each mobile node\u2019s session-to-mobility-ratio (SMR), which is defined as a ratio of the session arrival rate to the movement rate. In this paper, we propose the adaptive mobility management scheme that can determine the policy regarding to each mobile node\u2019s SMR. Each mobile node determines whether the paging is applied or not after comparing its SMR with the threshold. In other words, the paging is applied to a mobile node when a mobile node\u2019s SMR is less than the threshold. Therefore, the proposed scheme provides a way to minimize signaling costs according to each mobile node\u2019s SMR. We find out the optimal threshold through performance analysis, and show that the proposed scheme can reduce signaling cost than the existing SIP and paging schemes in hierarchical SIP networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info5040535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1413886065000},"page":"535-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SMR-Based Adaptive Mobility Management Scheme in Hierarchical SIP Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"KwangHee","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Solution Development, LG Uplus, Daejeon 305-350, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6774-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon-Min","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu,  Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Perkins, C. IP Mobility Support for IPv4. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc3344."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and Schooler, E. SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. Available online: http:\/\/www.hjp.at\/doc\/rfc\/rfc3261.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.09.001","article-title":"Mobility management for IP-based next generation mobile networks: Review, challenge and perspective","volume":"35","author":"Othman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2192-1962-2-16","article-title":"IP Multimedia subsystem authentication protocol in LTE-heterogeneous networks","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Mohsen, O., Saleh, H.A.M., and Elramly, S. (2012, January 12\u201314). SIP-Based Handoff Scheme in Next Generation Wireless Networks. Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies (NGMAST), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2012.31"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2012.03.107","article-title":"Efficient hierarchical SIP mobility management for WiMAX networks","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Choi, K.H., Kim, W.M., Kim, J.K., and Kim, K.S. (2011, January 13\u201316). Design and implementation of IMS service continuity between IPTV and mobile. Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"107","article-title":"An enhanced technique for vertical handover of multimedia traffic between WLAN and EVDO","volume":"1","author":"Javed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Converg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vali, D., Paskalis, S., Kaloxylos, A., and Merakos, L. (2003, January 6\u20139). A SIP-based method for intra-domain handoffs. Proceedings of IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2003.1285389"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Vali, D., Paskalis, S., Kaloxylos, A., and Merakos, L. (2003, January 1\u20135). An efficient micro-mobility solution for SIP networks. Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/35.989774","article-title":"IDMP-based fast handoffs and paging in IP-based 4G mobile networks","volume":"40","author":"Misra","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013774805067","article-title":"P-MIP: Paging extensions for mobile IP","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2558","article-title":"A Novel IP Paging Protocol for Minimizing Paging and Delay Costs in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Networks","volume":"87","author":"Yi","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Soliman, H., Bellier, L., and Malki, K.E. Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc5380."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fogelstroem, E., Jonsson, A., and Perkins, C. Mobile IPv4 regional registration. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4857."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2013.8.5.23","article-title":"Dynamic IP Paging Algorithm Based on the Velocity of Mobile Node for Proxy Mobile IPv6","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3745\/JIPS.2012.8.4.603","article-title":"Design and Simulation of a Flow Mobility Scheme Based on Proxy Mobile IPv6","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pack, S., Kwon, T., and Choi, Y. (December, January 29). A mobility-based load control scheme at mobility anchor point in hierarchical mobile IPv6 networks. Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), Dallas, TX, USA."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/5\/4\/535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:13Z","timestamp":1760217433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/5\/4\/535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["info5040535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info5040535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]}}}