{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:24:02Z","timestamp":1760243042079,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the major applications of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is in supply chain management as it promises to provide real-time visibility based on the function of track and trace. However, such an RFID-based track and trace system raises new security and privacy challenges due to the restricted resource of tags. In this paper, we refine three privacy related models (i.e., the privacy, path unlinkability, and tag unlinkability) of RFID-based track and trace systems, and clarify the relations among these privacy models. Specifically, we have proven that privacy is equivalent to path unlinkability and tag unlinkability implies privacy. Our results simplify the privacy concept and protocol design for RFID-based track and trace systems. Furthermore, we propose an efficient track and trace scheme, Tracker+, which allows for authentic and private identification of RFID-tagged objects in supply chains. In the Tracker+, no computational ability is required for tags, but only a few bytes of storage (such as EPC Class 1 Gen 2 tags) are needed to store the tag state. Indeed, Tracker+ reduces the memory requirements for each tag by one group element compared to the Tracker presented in other literature. Moreover, Tracker+ provides privacy against supply chain inside attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info6020258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T10:44:59Z","timestamp":1434019499000},"page":"258-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficiency and Privacy Enhancement for a Track and Trace System of RFID-Based Supply Chains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xunjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuelong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Finance & Economics,  Guangzhou 510320, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, South China Normal University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Blass, E.-O., Elkhiyaoui, K., and Molva, R. (2011, January 2\u20139). Tracker: Security and Privacy for RFID-based Supply Chains. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS\u201911), San Diego, CA, USA.","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"EPCglobal (2008). EPCTM Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID Protocols for Communications at 860 Mhz\u2013960 Mhz, Epcglobal, Inc.. Version 1.2.0.","key":"ref_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and Canetti, R. (1997). HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication, IETF RFC 2104, IETF.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2104"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.861395","article-title":"RFID Security and Privacy: A Research Survey","volume":"24","author":"Juels","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"unstructured":"Avoine, G. RFID Security & Privacy Lounge. Available online: http:\/\/www.avoine.net\/rfid\/.","key":"ref_5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateniese, G., Camenisch, J., and de Medeiros, B. (2005, January 7\u201311). Untraceable RFID Tags via Insubvertible Encryption. Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS\u201905), Alexandria, VA, USA.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.1145\/1102120.1102134"},{"unstructured":"Burmester, M., van Le, T., and de Medeiros, B. (September, January 28). Provably Secure Ubiquitous Systems: Universally Composable RFID Authentication Protocols. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm\u201906), Baltimore, MD, USA.","key":"ref_7"},{"unstructured":"Juels, A., and Weis, S. (2005, January 14\u201318). Authenticating Pervasive Devices with Human Protocols. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO\u201905), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","key":"ref_8"},{"unstructured":"Molnar, D., Soppera, A., and Wagner, D. (2005, January 11\u201312). A Scalable, Delegatable Pseudonym Protocol Enabling Ownership Transfer of RFID Tags. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC\u201905), Kingston, ON, Canada.","key":"ref_9"},{"unstructured":"Ohkubo, M., Suzuki, K., and Kinoshita, S. (2004, January 11\u201314). Efficient Hash-Chain Based RFID Privacy Protection Scheme. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp\u201904), Nottingham, UK.","key":"ref_10"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peris-Lopez, P., Hemandez-Castro, J.C., Estevez-Tapiador, J.M., and Ribagorda, A. (2006, January 12\u201314). LMAP: A Real Lightweight Mutual Authentication Protocol for Low-cost RFID tags. Proceedings of the Workshop on RFID Security 2006 (RFIDSec\u201906), Graz, Austria.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.1007\/11915034_59"},{"unstructured":"Tsudik, G. (2006, January 13\u201317). YA-TRAP: Yet another Trivial RFID Authentication Protocol. Proceedings of the 4th Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom\u201906), Pisa, Italy.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"Weis, S., Sarma, S., Rivest, R., and Engels, D. (2003, January 12\u201314). Security and Privacy Aspects of Low-Cost Radio Frequency Identification Systems. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Security in Pervasive Computing (SPC\u201903), Washington, DC, USA.","key":"ref_13"},{"unstructured":"Ouafi, K., and Vaudenay, S. (July, January 30). Pathchecker: An RFID Application for Tracing Products in Supply-Chains. Proceedings of the Workshop on RFID Security 2009 (RFIDSec\u201909), Leuven, Belgium.","key":"ref_14"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Ding, X. (2007, January 20\u201322). Protecting RFID Communications in Supply Chains. Proceedings of 2007 ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS\u201907), Singapore.","key":"ref_15","DOI":"10.1145\/1229285.1229318"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Li, Y., Deng, R., and Li, T. (2009, January 9\u201313). RFID Privacy: Relation between Two Notions, Minimal Condition, and Efficient Construction. Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS\u201909), Chicago, IL, USA.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.1145\/1653662.1653670"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1985.1057074","article-title":"A public-key cryptosystem and a signature scheme based on discrete logarithms","volume":"31","author":"ElGamal","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/6\/2\/258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:47Z","timestamp":1760215667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/6\/2\/258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["info6020258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info6020258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]}}}