{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:00Z","timestamp":1760242800376,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Defense Pre-research Foundation","award":["52405050173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405050173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Passive positioning systems with a small aperture array exhibit poor accuracy of target estimation under strong interference in near-field environments. To improve this accuracy, we propose a novel cross localization algorithm for direction-finding using the orientation angle. Improved geometric and numerical target-positioning models are constructed after analyzing the mechanism of the conventional positioning algorithm. The target prediction equation is then derived using the constructed models, and the equation for nonlinear estimation is linearized using the Taylor series. An unbiased estimation of the target is obtained by optimizing the control of the iteration process, thus achieving an accurate positioning of the target. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated in terms of its effectiveness and positioning accuracy under varying signal-to-noise conditions and orientation angle-measurement errors. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of positioning the target effectively, and offers better positioning accuracy than traditional algorithms under the conditions of large orientation angle measurement errors or high-level background noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info7030040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T09:49:06Z","timestamp":1467884946000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lateral Cross Localization Algorithm Using Orientation Angle for Improved Target Estimation in Near-Field Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Penghao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Weaponry Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Weaponry Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-015-9345-1","article-title":"Localization of neural efficiency of the mathematically gifted brain through a feature subset selection method","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otero-Garcia, M., Agustin-Pavon, C., Lanuza, E., and Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, E. (2015). Distribution of oxytocin and co-localization with arginine vasopressin in the brain of mice. Brain Struct. Funct., 20.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1111-y"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064226915060030","article-title":"Complex Matching\u2013Identification Method as Applied to Multiposition Angle-Measuring Systems of Passive Location Based on Invariants","volume":"60","author":"Bulychev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Commun. Technol. Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-014-0446-1","article-title":"The localization of auxin transporters PIN3 and LAX3 during lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"58","author":"Jublanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3103\/S0735272708030060","article-title":"The Impact of Angle-of-Arrival Fluctuations of Electromagnetic Wave on the Direction of Maximum Radiation of Aperture Antennas","volume":"51","author":"Lobkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radioelectron. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00009-012-0219-z","article-title":"Constant Angle Property and Canonical Principal Directions for Surfaces in M2(c) \u00d7 R1","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Math."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-012-9721-6","article-title":"Estimation of Relative Direction Angle of Distant, Approaching Airplane in Sense-and-Avoid","volume":"69","author":"Zsedrovits","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11038-006-9110-x","article-title":"Far Field Monitoring of Rogue Nuclear Activity with an Array of Large Anti-neutrino Detectors","volume":"99","author":"Guillian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Moon Planets"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3103\/S0735272709110041","article-title":"The Direction-Finding Powered Method for Definition of Distance to Target, Using Two Measurements of Autonomous Angle-Measurement System","volume":"52","author":"Bulychev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radioelectron. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10569-011-9335-5","article-title":"Solution algorithm of a quasi-Lambert\u2019s problem with fixed flight-direction angle constraint","volume":"109","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2004.826501","article-title":"Direct position determination of narrowband radio frequency transmitters","volume":"11","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.800420","article-title":"Maximum-likelihood source localization and unknown sensor location estimation for wideband signals in the near-field","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, A.J., and Amar, A. (2005). Direct position determination of multiple radio signals. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process.","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP.2005.37"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-9937-y","article-title":"Singular Representation of Plasmon Resonance Modes to Optimize the Near and Far Field Properties of Metal Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Bakhti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3843-1","article-title":"Modelling the dispersion of treated wastewater in a shallow coastal wind-driven environment, Geographe Bay, Western Australia: implications for environmental management","volume":"186","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-0081-5","article-title":"Far-Field Super-Resolution Imaging of Nano-transparent Objects by Hyperlens with Plasmonic Resonant Cavity","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2016-02632-9","article-title":"Combined effects of the in-plane orientation angle and the loading angle on the dynamic enhancement of honeycombs under mixed shear-compression loading","volume":"225","author":"Tounsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girod, L., Lukac, M., Trifa, V., and Estrin, D. (2006, January 1\u20133). The design and implementation of a self-calibrating distributed acoustic sensing platform. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Boulder, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1182807.1182815"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yip, L., Comanor, K., Chen, J., Hudson, R.E., Yao, K., and Vandenberghe, L. (2003, January 22\u201323). Array processing for target DOA, localization, and classification based on AML and SVM algorithms in sensor networks. Information Processing in Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop IPSN 2003, Palo Alto, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36978-3_18"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, K., Chen, J.C., and Hudson, R.E. (2002, January 13\u201317). Maximum-likelihood acoustic source localization: experimental results. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2002.5745267"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, M., Girod, L., Newton, R., Madden, S., Blumstein, D.T., and Estrin, D. (2008, January 22\u201324). Voxnet: An interactive, rapidly-deployable acoustic monitoring platform. Proceedings of International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2008.45"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kaplan, L.M., Le, Q., and Molnar, N. (2001, January 7\u201311). Maximum likelihood methods for bearings-only target localization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2004.10.003","article-title":"On exploiting propagation delays for passive target localization using bearings-only measurements","volume":"342","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Frankl. Inst."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"762","article-title":"Statistical theory of DF fixing","volume":"94","author":"Stansfield","year":"1947","journal-title":"Electr. Eng.-Part IIIA J. Inst. Radio Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.03.007","article-title":"Bearings-only target localization using total least squares","volume":"85","author":"Dogancay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1109\/7.165369","article-title":"Bearings-only and Doppler-bearing tracking using instrumental variables","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2003.11.014","article-title":"Passive emitter localization using weighted instrumental variables","volume":"84","author":"Dogancay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5523","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2064770","article-title":"Bearings-only target motion analysis via instrumental variable estimation","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.861776","article-title":"An asymptotically unbiased estimator for bearings-only and Doppler-bearing target motion analysis","volume":"54","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2096419","article-title":"A novel power-bearing approach and asymptotically optimum estimator for target motion analysis","volume":"59","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaghefi, R.M., Gholami, M.R., and Strom, E.G. (2010, January 26\u201330). Bearing-only target localization with uncertainties in observer position. Proceedings of International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Workshops, Instanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRCW.2010.5670370"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1109\/7.784053","article-title":"On the convergence of iterative methods for bearings-only tracking","volume":"35","author":"Jaetffret","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1109\/7.256302","article-title":"Performance analysis of bearing-only target location algorithms","volume":"28","author":"Gavish","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.4805281","article-title":"Bearing-only localization using geometrically constrained optimization","volume":"45","author":"Bishop","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063776115100143","article-title":"Angular Distributions of Reflected and Refracted Relativistic Electron Beams Crossing a Thin Planar Target at a Small Angle to Its Surface","volume":"121","author":"Serov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-014-0070-5","article-title":"Hybrid Baseline Localization for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","volume":"78","author":"Wolbrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/7\/3\/40\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:36Z","timestamp":1760210736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/7\/3\/40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["info7030040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info7030040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]}}}