{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:20Z","timestamp":1760242820766,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the problem of securing the configuration phase of an Internet of Things (IoT) system. The main drawbacks of current approaches are the focus on specific techniques and methods, and the lack of a cross layer vision of the problem. In a smart environment, each IoT device has limited resources and is often battery operated with limited capabilities (e.g., no keyboard). As a consequence, network security must be carefully analyzed in order to prevent security and privacy issues. In this paper, we will analyze the IoT threats, we will propose a security framework for the device initialization and we will show how physical layer security can effectively boost the security of IoT systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info7030049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T03:47:39Z","timestamp":1470196059000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The Role of Physical Layer Security in IoT: A Novel Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0009-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Pecorella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, Department of Information Engineering, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6540-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Brilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, Department of Information Engineering, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Mucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, Department of Information Engineering, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2011). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE. IEEE Std 802.15.4-2011 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sastry, N., and Wagner, D. (October, January 26). Security Considerations for IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Wireless Security, WiSe \u201904, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1ol, O.P., Raza, S., Eriksson, J., and Voigt, T. (2015, January 27\u201329). BSD-based elliptic curve cryptography for the open Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 7th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), France, Paris.","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2015.7266475"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ma, S., Han, D., and Shi, W. (2015, January 17\u201318). Implementation of elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme on IRIS nodes. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Internet of Things (ICIT), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIOT.2015.7111560"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloch, M., and Barros, J. (2011). Physical-Layer Security: From Information Theory to Security Engineering, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511977985"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2014.05.025","article-title":"Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing","volume":"560 Pt 1","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ojha, V., Sharma, A., Goar, V., and Trivedi, P. (2011). Limitations of Practical Quantum Cryptography. Int. J. Comput. Trends Technol., 1."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2003.820010","article-title":"Secure space-time communication","volume":"49","author":"Hero","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R. (2010). Securing Wireless Communications at the Physical Layer, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1385-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, S., Gong, W., and Towsley, D. (2010, January 14\u201319). Secure Wireless Communication with Dynamic Secrets. Proceedings of the 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5461974"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2341453","article-title":"Enhanced Secrecy in Stochastic Wireless Networks: Artificial Noise With Secrecy Protected Zone","volume":"9","author":"Chae","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-008-9609-8","article-title":"A New Modulation for Intrinsically Secure Radio Channel in Wireless Systems","volume":"51","author":"Mucchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-011-0290-y","article-title":"Physical Layer Cryptography and Cognitive Networks","volume":"58","author":"Mucchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucchi, L., Ronga, L., Del Re, E., and Chisci, L. (2014, January 11\u201314). Secrecy capacity of the Noise-Loop secure modulation. Proceedings of the 2014 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace Electronic Systems (VITAE), Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/VITAE.2014.6934428"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.2260875","article-title":"Cooperative Security at the Physical Layer: A Summary of Recent Advances","volume":"30","author":"Bassily","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorti, A., and Poor, H.V. (February, January 30). Achievable secrecy rates in physical layer secure systems with a helping interferer. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2012.6167408"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.2256953","article-title":"Enhancing Physical-Layer Secrecy in Multiantenna Wireless Systems: An Overview of Signal Processing Approaches","volume":"30","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2498934","article-title":"A Game Theoretic Analysis of Secret and Reliable Communication with Active and Passive Adversarial Modes","volume":"15","author":"Garnaev","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.2260875","article-title":"Cooperative Security at the Physical Layer: A Summary of Recent Advances","volume":"30","author":"Bassily","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1109\/18.256484","article-title":"Secret key agreement by public discussion from common information","volume":"39","author":"Maurer","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1978.1055892","article-title":"Broadcast channels with confidential messages","volume":"24","author":"Csiszar","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1978.1055917","article-title":"The Gaussian wire-tap channel","volume":"24","author":"Hellman","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5601960","article-title":"Exploiting the physical layer for enhanced security [Security and Privacy in Emerging Wireless Networks]","volume":"17","author":"Mathur","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.7","article-title":"Low-Energy Security: Limits and Opportunities in the Internet of Things","volume":"13","author":"Trappe","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7120011","article-title":"The challenges facing physical layer security","volume":"53","author":"Trappe","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fantacci, R., Pecorella, T., Viti, R., and Carlini, C. (2014, January 6\u20138). Short Paper: Overcoming IoT Fragmentation through Standard Gateway Architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2014.6803149"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2014.6882303","article-title":"A network architecture solution for efficient IoT WSN backhauling: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Fantacci","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2388550","article-title":"Security for the Internet of Things: A Survey of Existing Protocols and Open Research Issues","volume":"17","author":"Granjal","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brilli, L., Pecorella, T., Pierucci, L., and Fantacci, R. (2016, January 4\u20139). A novel 6LoWPAN-ND extension to enhance privacy in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, USA. accepted.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7841523"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schantz, H.G. (2005, January 3\u20138). Near field propagation law a novel fundamental limit to antenna gain versus size. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2005.1552223"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Networked Software Defined Radio\u2014Products description. Available online: https:\/\/www.ettus.com\/product\/category\/USRP-Networked-Series."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/7\/3\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:36Z","timestamp":1760210856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/7\/3\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["info7030049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info7030049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]}}}