{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:34:01Z","timestamp":1773326041781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the concern about energy efficiency in wireless communications has been growing rapidly. Manufacturers and researchers have developed innovative solutions, highlighting the benefits in reducing operational expenditures (OPEX) and carbon footprint. Professional Mobile Radio (PMR) systems, like Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA), have been designed to provide voice and data services to professional users. The energy consumption is one of the critical aspects of PMR broadband solutions and a major constraint for PMR services. The future convergence of PMR to the LTE system introduces a new topic in the research discussion about the energy efficiency of wireless systems. This paper focuses on the feasibility of energy efficient solutions for current and potentially future PMR networks, by providing a mathematical formulation of power consumption in TETRA base stations and assessing possible business models and energy saving solutions for enhanced mission-critical operations. The energy efficiency evaluation has been performed by taking into account the traffic load of a deployed TETRA regional network: in the considered network scenario with 150 base stations, significant OPEX savings up to 70 thousand Euros per year of operation are achieved. Moreover, the proposed solutions allow for saving more than 1 ton of CO     2     per year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info8010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T09:47:26Z","timestamp":1482486446000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Energy Efficiency Perspectives of PMR Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5520-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Dolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Piunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Del Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"TETRA and Critical Communications Association (2013). The Strategic Case for Mission Critical Mobile Broadband\u2014A Review of the Future Needs of the Users of Critical Communications, TETRA and Critical Communications Association. White Paper."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2013.2252291","article-title":"The LTE Evolution: Private Mobile Radio Networks","volume":"8","author":"Gruet","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasanen, M., Aubree, M., Cassan, C., Conte, A., David, J., Elayoubi, S.E., Galkin, T., Grigore, V., Le Masson, S., and Lees, J. (2013, January 6\u20138). Environmental friendly mobile radio networks: Approaches of the European OPERA-Net 2 project. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), Casablanca, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTEL.2013.6632077"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meo, M., Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Idzikowski, F., Budzisz, L., Ganji, F., Haratcherev, I., Conte, A., Cianfrani, A., and Chiaraviglio, L. (2013, January 23\u201325). The TREND experimental activities on green communication networks. Proceedings of the 24th Tyrrhenian International Workshop on Digital Communications\u2014Green ICT (TIWDC), Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIWDC.2013.6664211"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Olsson, M., Fehske, A., Hevizi, L., Blume, O., Vidacs, A., Godor, I., Fazekas, P., Imran, M., and Qi, Y. (2012, January 4\u20136). Integration strategy of EARTH energy efficiency enablers. Proceedings of the Future Network Mobile Summit (FutureNetw), Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsson, M., Cavdar, C., Frenger, P., Tombaz, S., Sabella, D., and Jantti, R. (2013, January 7\u20139). 5GrEEn: Towards Green 5G mobile networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 9th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2013.6673363"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bianco, C., Cucchietti, F., and Griffa, G. (October, January 30). Energy consumption trends in the next generation access network, a telco perspective. Proceedings of the 29th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2322951","article-title":"Quantifying Potential Energy Efficiency Gain in Green Cellular Wireless Networks","volume":"16","author":"Davaslioglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morosi, S., Piunti, P., and Del Re, E. (2013, January 23\u201325). Improving cellular network energy efficiency by joint management of sleep mode and transmission power. Proceedings of the 24th Tyrrhenian International Workshop on Digital Communications\u2014Green ICT (TIWDC), Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIWDC.2013.6664207"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.6056690","article-title":"Network energy saving technologies for green wireless access networks","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.020212.00049","article-title":"A survey of energy-efficient wireless communications","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.071613.122092","article-title":"Traffic-Aware Base Station Sleeping Control and Power Matching for Energy-Delay Tradeoffs in Green Cellular Networks","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Re, E., Morosi, S., Piunti, P., Mazzi, G., and Gremigni, O. (2014, January 8\u201310). Energy efficient RRM strategies for current and upcoming TeTRA cellular systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2014.6962147"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ketterling, H.P.A. (2004). Introduction to Digital Professional Mobile Radio, Artech House, Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (1997). Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Designers\u2019 Guide; Part 1: Overview, Technical Description and Radio Aspects, ETSI. ETSI Technical Report 300-1."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (2001). Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 2: Air Interface, ETSI. ETSI Technical Report 392-2."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2006.343629","article-title":"TEDS: A high speed digital mobile communication air interface for professional users","volume":"1","author":"Nouri","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6461193","article-title":"LTE for public safety networks","volume":"51","author":"Doumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7452260","article-title":"Critical communications and public safety networks, part 2: Technical issues, security, and applications","volume":"54","author":"Ulema","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2014.2333695","article-title":"Extending the LTE\/LTE-A Business Case: Mission- and Business-Critical Mobile Broadband Communications","volume":"9","author":"Ferrus","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2014). Feasibility Study for Proximity Services (ProSe), 3GPP. 3GPP TR 22.803."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2014). Study on Architecture Enhancements to Support Group Communication System Enablers for LTE (GCSE LTE), 3GPP. 3GPP TR 23.768."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2014). Study on LTE Device to Device Proximity Services; Radio Aspects, 3GPP. 3GPP TR 36.843."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2014). Study on Isolated Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Operation for Public Safety, 3GPP. 3GPP TR 22.897."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2014). Study on Radio Access Network (RAN) Sharing Enhancements, 3GPP. 3GPP TR 22.852."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2007). Public Safety Broadband High Power User Equipment (UE) for Band 14, 3GPP. 3GPP TR 36.837."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project (2012). Enhancements for Multimedia Priority Service (MPS), 3GPP. 3GPP TR 23.854."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.6056691","article-title":"How much energy is needed to run a wireless network?","volume":"18","author":"Auer","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"TETRA and Critical Communications Association (2013). Mobile Broadband for Critical Communications Users\u2014A Review of Options For Delivering Mission Critical Solutions, TETRA and Critical Communications Association. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Auer, G., Blume, O., Giannini, V., Godor, I., Imran, M., Jading, Y., Katranaras, E., Olsson, M., Sabella, D., and Skillermark, P. Available online: http:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/docs\/projects\/cnect\/3\/247733\/080\/deliverables\/001-EARTHWP2D23v2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2323960","article-title":"Energy Efficient Network Deployment With Cell DTX","volume":"18","author":"Tombaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/8\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:10Z","timestamp":1760210950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/8\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info8010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info8010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]}}}