{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:46Z","timestamp":1760242846170,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]],"date-time":"2016-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61663013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61663013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20161BAB212051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20161BAB212051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013064","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20161BBE50076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20161BBE50076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is one of the most promising technologies in the IoT (The Internet of Things) era. Many RFID systems have been used in supermarkets or warehouses. There are two challenges for RFID anti-collision algorithms. The first challenge is accurately estimating the number of tags; the other is improving the efficiency of RFID systems. This paper proposes an optimal tag estimation method in which tags respond to the reader in assigned time slots instead of responding randomly. In order to improve the performance of the RFID system, a 4-ary query tree Additive Link On-line HAwaii (ALOHA) protocol is presented that combines the merits of query tree algorithm and frame slotted ALOHA, and avoids their weaknesses. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a higher tag identification efficiency compared to other dynamic frame slotted ALOHA algorithms, and it can overcome the tag starvation phenomenon, because it traces each tag until all of them are identified successfully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info8010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]],"date-time":"2016-12-30T08:48:53Z","timestamp":1483087733000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design of a Quaternary Query Tree ALOHA Protocol Based on Optimal Tag Estimation Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangming","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2323352","article-title":"A Low-Power Low-Cost 24 GHz RFID Tag With a C-Flash Based Embedded Memory","volume":"49","author":"Dagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S., Kim, S., and Tentzeris, M.M. (2014, January 6\u201311). Low-cost flexible RFID tag for on-metal applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Memphis, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2014.6904976"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Li, H., and Yu, F. (2007, January 21\u201325). Design of Secure and Low-cost RFID Tag Baseband. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WICOM.2007.516"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2010.938571","article-title":"Chipless RFID: Bar code of the future","volume":"11","author":"Preradovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. 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