{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:20:13Z","timestamp":1783552813506,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61462083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61462083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61262060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61262060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61463048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61463048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61662077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61662077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61331011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61331011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"973 Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014cb340506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014cb340506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["10AYY006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10AYY006"]}]},{"name":"Young Doctor Program of the Training Project of Young Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents","award":["QN2015BS004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2015BS004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uyghur is an agglutinative and a morphologically rich language; natural language processing tasks in Uyghur can be a challenge. Word morphology is important in Uyghur part-of-speech (POS) tagging. However, POS tagging performance suffers from error propagation of morphological analyzers. To address this problem, we propose a few models for POS tagging: conditional random fields (CRF), long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional LSTM networks (BI-LSTM), LSTM networks with a CRF layer, and BI-LSTM networks with a CRF layer. These models do not depend on stemming and word disambiguation for Uyghur and combine hand-crafted features with neural network models. State-of-the-art performance on Uyghur POS tagging is achieved on test data sets using the proposed approach: 98.41% accuracy on 15 labels and 95.74% accuracy on 64 labels, which are 2.71% and 4% improvements, respectively, over the CRF model results. Using engineered features, our model achieves further improvements of 0.2% (15 labels) and 0.48% (64 labels). The results indicate that the proposed method could be an effective approach for POS tagging in other morphologically rich languages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info8040157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1512043371000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network with a Conditional Random Field Layer for Uyghur Part-Of-Speech Tagging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maihemuti","family":"Maimaiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Multi-Language Information Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishan","family":"Wumaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Multi-Language Information Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahaerjiang","family":"Abiderexiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Multi-Language Information Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuergen","family":"Yibulayin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Multi-Language Information Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.J., Son, J.W., Noh, T.G., Park, S.B., and Lee, S.J. 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