{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:33:01Z","timestamp":1761823981843,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In brief, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a set of limited power nodes, used for gathering the determined data of an area. Increasing the lifetime is the main challenge to optimize WSNs routing protocols, since the sensors\u2019 energy in most cases is limited. In this respect, this article introduces a novel smart routing algorithm of wireless sensor networks, consisting of stable nodes randomly dispersed, and this approach is inspired from ant colonies. The proposed algorithm takes into consideration the distance between two nodes, the chosen path length and the nodes\u2019 residual energy so as to update the choice probability of the next node among the neighbouring nodes, contrary to several routing algorithms; on the one hand, the nodes are aggregating data of their predecessors and sending to all to their successors; on the other hand, the source is almost always changed in each iteration. Consequently, the energy consumption is balanced between the nodes. Hence, the network lifetime will be increased. Detailed descriptions and a set of simulation using Matlab is provided to measure the network lifetime and the energy consumed by nodes of the proposed approach are presented. The replications\u2019 consequences of simulations prove the success of our future routing algorithm (SRA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info9010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T04:51:13Z","timestamp":1516596673000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inspired from Ants Colony: Smart Routing Algorithm of Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4822-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Bouarafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LRIT, Associated Unit to CNRST (URAC No 29), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, B.P.1014 RP Rabat, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachid","family":"Saadane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIRC\/LAGeS-EHTP, Hassania School of Public Labors Km 7 EI Jadida Road, B.P 8108 Casablanca Morocco, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1602-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moulay","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LRIT, Associated Unit to CNRST (URAC No 29), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, B.P.1014 RP Rabat, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bouarafa, S., Saadane, R., and Aboutajdine, D. (October, January 29). Reduction of Energy Consumption in WSN Using the Generalized Pythagorean Theorem. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), Marrakech, Morocco."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"407","article-title":"A Leaping Based Routing Protocol with Load Balancing Support in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2002.802444","article-title":"A short convergence proof for a class of ACO algorithms","volume":"6","author":"Stutzle","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3023","article-title":"A Review of Cellular Automata Models of Tumor Growth","volume":"5","author":"Boondirek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Math. Forum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tome, T., and Drugowich de Felicio, J.R. (1996). Probabilistic Cellular Automata Describing a Biological Immune System. Phys. Rev. E, 3976\u20133981.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.53.3976"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sloot, P., Chen, F., and Boucher, C. (2002, January 9\u201311). Cellular Automaton Model of Drug Therapy for HIV Infection. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry (ACRI 02), Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"402","article-title":"Study of Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks Using S-Rhombus, S-Square and S-Circle Deployment","volume":"7","author":"Bouarafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"570","article-title":"A Survey of Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2007.908538","article-title":"Cooperative Routing In Static Wireless Networks","volume":"55","author":"Khandani","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2008.070502","article-title":"Distributed Energy-Efficient Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kang, I., and Poovendran, R. (2003, January 11\u201315). Maximizing Static Network Lifetime Of Wireless Broadcast Ad Hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference On Communications, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.09.003","article-title":"Interest-aware energy collection & resource management in machine to machine communications","volume":"68","author":"Tsiropoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J.F., Gao, Y., and Yang, L. (2011, January 10\u201313). Ant Colony Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks Routing. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2011.6016670"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2006.329691","article-title":"Ant Colony Optimization","volume":"1","author":"Dorigo","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOM.2007.348292","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Cooperative Diversity Wireless Networks over Nakagami-m Fading Channel","volume":"11","author":"Ikki","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2004.833122","article-title":"Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE\/Acm Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:52:04Z","timestamp":1760194324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["info9010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info9010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]}}}