{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:50:13Z","timestamp":1770515413551,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001475","name":"Nanyang Technological University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S15-1105-RF-LLF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S15-1105-RF-LLF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is focused on a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system operating at a road intersection, where the communication links can be either line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS). We present a semi-empirical analysis of the packet delivery ratio of dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) safety messages for both LOS and NLOS scenarios using a commercial transceiver. In a NLOS scenario in which the reception of a safety message may be heavily blocked by concrete buildings, direct communication between the on-board units (OBUs) of vehicles through the IEEE 802.11p standard tends to be unreliable. On the basis of the semi-empirical result of safety message delivery at an intersection, we propose two relaying mechanisms (namely, simple relaying and network-coded relaying) via a road-side unit (RSU) to improve the delivery ratio of safety messages. Specifically, we designed RSU algorithms to optimize the number of relaying messages so as to maximize the message delivery ratio of the entire system in the presence of data packet collisions. Numerical results show that our proposed relaying schemes lead to a significant increase in safety message delivery rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info9060147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T10:57:11Z","timestamp":1529319431000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Semi-Empirical Performance Study of Two-Hop DSRC Message Relaying at Road Intersections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6223-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hieu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infocomm Technology (INFINITUS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0587-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Noor-A-Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infocomm Technology (INFINITUS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Communication Systems, 5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Jamaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infocomm Technology (INFINITUS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Liang","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infocomm Technology (INFINITUS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7497762","article-title":"LTE evolution for vehicle-to-everything services","volume":"54","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10419","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2750803","article-title":"On the Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V for the Cooperative Awareness of Connected Vehicles","volume":"66","author":"Bazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"IEEE (2010). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments, IEEE. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5514475\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) (2013). Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 2: Specification of Cooperative Awareness Basic Service, ETSI. Technical Report, EN 302 637-2 V1.3.0 Draft."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"DSRC Committee (2009). SAE J2735 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary, SAE International. Available online: https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j2735_201603\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2287343","article-title":"A Vehicular Networking Perspective on Estimating Vehicle Collision Probability at Intersections","volume":"63","author":"Joerer","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ahmed-Zaid, F., Bai, F., Bai, S., Basnayake, C., Bellur, B., Brovold, S., Brown, G., Caminiti, L., Cunningham, D., and Elzein, H. (2011). Vehicle Safety Communications Applications (VSC-A) Final Report: Appendix Volume 2 Communications and Positioning, Technical Report, DOT HS 811 492C."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2011-182","article-title":"5.9 GHz inter-vehicle communication at intersections a validated non-line-of-sight path-loss and fading model","volume":"2011","author":"Mangel","year":"2011","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, T., Thiel, A., Zemen, T., Mecklenbrauker, C.F., and Tufvesson, F. (2013, January 5\u20137). Validation of a non-line-of-sight path-loss model for V2V communications at street intersections. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST), Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2013.6685545"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2012.10.003","article-title":"Cooperative vehicle-to-vehicle active safety testing under challenging conditions","volume":"26","author":"Sepulcre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2016.06.006","article-title":"A distributed virtual traffic light algorithm exploiting short range V2V communications","volume":"49","author":"Bazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, G.G.M.N., Noor-A-Rahim, M., Chong, P.H.J., and Guan, Y.L. (2018). Analysis and improvement of reliability through coding for safety message broadcasting in urban vehicular networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2820458"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23786","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2829897","article-title":"Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p Safety Message Broadcast With and Without Relaying at Road Intersection","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2085022","article-title":"Analysis of Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks With Application to Cooperative Vehicle Safety Systems","volume":"60","author":"Fallah","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trien, L.T., and Yamao, Y. (2014, January 19\u201321). An investigation of network coding relay in ITS V2V communication at intersections. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNIDC.2014.7000313"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Bernado, L., Gan, M., Hofer, M., Abbas, T., Shivaldova, V., Mahler, K., Smely, D., and Zemen, T. (2014, January 14\u201315). Relaying for IEEE 802.11p at road intersection using a vehicular non-stationary channel model. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Symposium on Wireless Vehicular Communications (WiVeC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIVEC.2014.6953256"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"CAMP Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium (2005). Vehicle Safety Communications Project Task 3 Final Report: Identify Intelligent Vehicle Safety Applications Enabled by DSRC, Technical Report, DOT HS 809 859."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"CohdaWieless (2018, June 15). MK5 V2X on Board Unit. Available online: http:\/\/www.cohdawireless.com\/solutions\/hardware\/mk5-obu\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.071002","article-title":"Mobile Vehicle-to-Vehicle Narrow-Band Channel Measurement and Characterization of the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) Frequency Band","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, T., Sj\u00f6berg, K., Karedal, J., and Tufvesson, F. (2015). A measurement based shadow fading model for vehicle-to-vehicle network simulations. Int. J. Antennas Propag., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/190607"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Eichler, S. (October, January 30). Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802.11p WAVE Communication Standard. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.102913.131863","article-title":"Modeling Event-Driven Safety Messages Delivery in IEEE 802.11p\/WAVE Vehicular Networks","volume":"17","author":"Campolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Dianati, M., Tafazolli, R., and Kernchen, R. (2010, January 6\u20139). Throughput Analysis of the IEEE 802.11p Enhanced Distributed Channel Access Function in Vehicular Environment. Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2010-Fall), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2010.5594411"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/6\/147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:09:09Z","timestamp":1760195349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/6\/147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["info9060147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info9060147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]}}}