{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:50:33Z","timestamp":1762005033375,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]],"date-time":"2018-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stimulating non-motorized transport has been a key point on sustainable mobility agendas for cities around the world. Lisbon is no exception, as it invests in the implementation of new bike infrastructure. Quantifying the connectivity of such a bicycle network can help evaluate its current state and highlight specific challenges that should be addressed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop an exploratory score that allows a quantification of the bicycle network connectivity in Lisbon based on open data. For each part of the city, a score was computed based on how many common destinations (e.g., schools, universities, supermarkets, hospitals) were located within an acceptable biking distance when using only bicycle lanes and roads with low traffic stress for cyclists. Taking a weighted average of these scores resulted in an overall score for the city of Lisbon of only 8.6 out of 100 points. This shows, at a glance, that the city still has a long way to go before achieving their objectives regarding bicycle use in the city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info9110287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1542799407000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantifying Bicycle Network Connectivity in Lisbon Using Open Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Abad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Information Management School (NOVA-IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-032 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Information Management School (NOVA-IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-032 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.009","article-title":"Cities, mobility and climate change","volume":"19","author":"Banister","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq145","article-title":"Cycling for transport and public health: A systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling","volume":"21","author":"Fraser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901747","article-title":"Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?","volume":"118","author":"Boogaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.281","article-title":"Air pollution: A public health approach for Portugal","volume":"643","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carley, M., Christie, I., and Christie, I. (2017). Managing Sustainable Development, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315091525"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bopp, M., Sims, D., and Piatkowski, D.P. (2018). Bicycling for Transportation\u2014An Evidence-Base for Communities, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kosha, T., and Rudolph, F. (2016). The Role of Walking and Cycling in Reducing Congestion: A Portfolio of Measures, FLOW Project. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"97","article-title":"Las redes de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible y la reactivaci\u00f3n del Espacio P\u00fablico: Alcosa","volume":"9","author":"Donadei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat y Sociedad"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Gira Bicicletas de Lisboa (2018, November 11). Sobre a Gira. Available online: https:\/\/www.gira-bicicletasdelisboa.pt\/sobre-a-gira\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Camara Municipal de Lisboa (2018, February 21). Mobilidade Ciclavel. Available online: http:\/\/www.cm-lisboa.pt\/viver\/mobilidade\/mobilidade-ciclavel."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrana, J., and Serdoura, F. (2018). Cycling Policies and Strategies: The Case of Lisbon. Int. J. Res. Chem. Metall. Civ. Eng., 4.","DOI":"10.15242\/IJRCMCE.U0917311"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Camara Municipal de Lisboa (2018, February 10). Mobilidade Sustentavel e Prioridade da Cidade. Available online: http:\/\/www.cm-lisboa.pt\/no_cache\/noticias\/detalhe\/article\/mobilidade-sustentavel-e-prioridade-da-cidade."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Silva, M.M.d. (2018, November 10). Mobilidade (In)Sustent\u00e1vel em Lisboa. Available online: https:\/\/jornaleconomico.sapo.pt\/noticias\/mobilidade-insustentavel-em-lisboa-160590."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Susete, F. (2018, November 10). Lisboa vai ter 200 km Para Pedalar e Quer ir de Oeiras a Vila Franca. Available online: https:\/\/www.dn.pt\/sociedade\/interior\/lisboa-vai-ter-200-km-para-pedalar-e-quer-ir-de-oeiras-a-vila-franca-5400639.html."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9, M.R. (2018, November 10). O Plano Semi-Escondido da Camara Para Tornar Lisboa Ciclavel Ate 2020. Available online: https:\/\/shifter.sapo.pt\/2018\/01\/rede-ciclavel-lisboa\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"City as a Platform (2018, November 10). Rede Ciclavel. Available online: https:\/\/lisboa.city-platform.com\/app\/?a=redeciclavel."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Baratto, R. (2018, October 19). Lisboa Planeja Ampliar Sua Rede de Ciclovias Devido ao Aumento de Ciclistas. Available online: https:\/\/www.archdaily.com.br\/br\/792640\/lisboa-planeja-ampliar-sua-rede-de-ciclovias-devido-ao-aumento-de-ciclistas."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dietrich, D., Gray, J., McNamara, T., Poikola, A., Pollock, R., Tait, J., and Zijlstra, T. (2018). The Open Data Handbook, Open Knowledge Foundation. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Data Portal (2018, October 19). Benefits of Open Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.europeandataportal.eu\/en\/using-data\/benefits-of-open-data."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Manum, B., and Nordstr\u00f6m, T. (November, January 31). Integrating Bicycle Network Analysis in Urban Design: Improving bikeability in Trondheim by combining space syntax and GIS-methods using the place syntax tool. Proceedings of the 9th International Space Syntax Symposium, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.003","article-title":"Using spatial network analysis to model pedal cycle flows, risk and mode choice","volume":"58","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Twadell, H., Rose, E., Broach, J., Dill, J., Clifton, K., Lust, C., Voros, K., Louch, H., and David, E. (2018). Guidebook for Measuring Multimodal Network Connectivity, Federal Highway Administration. Technical Report February."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"17","article-title":"Bicycle Stress Level as a Tool to Evaluate Urban and Suburban Bicycle Compatibility","volume":"3","author":"Sorton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Geller, R. (2006). Four Types of Cyclists, Portland Office of Transportation. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mekuria, M.C., Furth, P.G., and Nixon, H. (2012). Low-Stress Bicycling and Network Connectivity Low-Stress Bicycling and Network Connectivity, Mineta Transportation Institute. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3141\/2587-11","article-title":"Revisiting the Four Types of Cyclists","volume":"2587","author":"Dill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3141\/2587-06","article-title":"Network Connectivity for Low-Stress Bicycling","volume":"2587","author":"Furth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.02.003","article-title":"Prioritizing new bicycle facilities to improve low-stress network connectivity","volume":"86","author":"Lowry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.12.007","article-title":"Quantifying bicycle network connectivity","volume":"95","author":"Lowry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boettge, B., Hall, D., Crawford, T., Boettge, B., Hall, D.M., and Crawford, T. (2017). Assessing the Bicycle Network in St. Louis: A PlaceBased User-Centered Approach. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9020241"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"PeopleForBikes (2018, November 01). Methodology. Available online: https:\/\/peopleforbikes.org\/methodology-participation-study\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Abad, L., and Van der Meer, L. (2018, January 12). Bike Network Analysis Lisbon. Proceedings of the Workshop Open Data for Open Cities V 2.0, Lund, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.041","article-title":"Rectangular and hexagonal grids used for observation, experiment and simulation in ecology","volume":"206","author":"Birch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mantas, A.I.J.S. (2015). (I)mobilidades em Espa\u00e7o Urbano: Representa\u00e7\u00f5es e Pr\u00e1ticas em torno da Desloca\u00e7\u00e3o Pedonal e Velocip\u00e9dica em Portugal. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Coimbra]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2012.07.005","article-title":"Where do cyclists ride? A route choice model developed with revealed preference GPS data","volume":"46","author":"Broach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640903187001","article-title":"Commuting by bicycle: An overview of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Heinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2010.11.004","article-title":"Cycle commuting in Belgium: Spatial determinants and \u2019re-cycling\u2019 strategies","volume":"45","author":"Vandenbulcke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.03.006","article-title":"Mapping ridership using crowdsourced cycling data","volume":"52","author":"Jestico","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2017.1340234","article-title":"Cycling towards a more sustainable transport future","volume":"37","author":"Pucher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"European Commission (2016). Indicator 3: Sustainable Urban Mobility. Application form for the European Green Capital Award 2016, European Commission. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"170","article-title":"Growing from incipient to potentially large cycle networks: Screening the road network of the consolidated urban area of Lisbon","volume":"17","author":"Moura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Boldry, J., Anderson, M., and Roskowski, M. (2017). Defining Connected Bike Networks, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. Technical Report May."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/11\/287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:30:24Z","timestamp":1760196624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/11\/287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["info9110287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info9110287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]]}}}