{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:52:03Z","timestamp":1790236323732,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the gamification of a soft physics simulator. We developed a game, called Jelly Dude, that allows the player to change and modify the game engine by tinkering with various physics parameters, creating custom game levels and installing scripts. The game engine is capable of simulating soft-body physics and can display the simulation results visually in real-time. In order to ensure high quality graphics in real time, we have implemented intelligent computational offloading to the cloud using Jordan Neural Network (JNN) with a fuzzy logic scheme for short time prediction of network traffic between a client and a cloud server. The experimental results show that computation offloading allowed us to increase the speed of graphics rendering in terms of frames per second, and to improve the precision of soft body modeling in terms of the number of particles used to represent a soft body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info9120318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T03:27:49Z","timestamp":1544585269000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Soft Body Physics Simulator with Computational Offloading to the Cloud"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Edvinas","family":"Danevi\u010dius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rytis","family":"Maskeli\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1972-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Po\u0142ap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2002.1016700","article-title":"A Fluid-Based Soft-Object Model","volume":"22","author":"Nixon","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., and Grogo, P. (2008, January 12\u201313). A framework for dynamic deformation of uniform elastic two-layer 2D and 3D objects in OpenGL. Proceedings of the 2008 C3S2E Conference (C3S2E \u201908), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1370256.1370282"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nebel, J.-C. (2001). Soft Tissue Modelling from 3D Scanned Data. Deformable Avatars, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-47002-8_8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kriegman, S., Cappelle, C., Corucci, F., Bernatskiy, A., Cheney, N., and Bongard, J.C. (2017, January 15\u201319). Simulating the evolution of soft and rigid-body robots. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO \u201917), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3067695.3082051"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panthalookaran, V. (2018, January 17\u201320). Gamification of physics themes to nurture engineering professional and life skills. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Tenerife, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363330"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.05.012","article-title":"Mind Games: Game Engines as an Architecture for Intuitive Physics","volume":"21","author":"Ullman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"327","article-title":"Applying of gamification tools in physics and chemistry of secondary education","volume":"32","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opcion"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Tembo, T.T., and Lee, C. (2017, January 4\u20138). Using 2D simulation applications to motivate students to learn STEAM. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computers in Education: Technology and Innovation: Computer-Based Educational Systems for the 21st Century (ICCE 2017), Christchurch, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyesiku, D., Adewumi, A., Misra, S., Ahuja, R., Damasevicius, R., and Maskeliunas, R. (2018). An Educational Math Game for High School Students in Sub-Saharan Africa. Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01535-0_17"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raziunaite, P., Miliunaite, A., Maskeliunas, R., Damasevicius, R., Sidekerskiene, T., and Narkeviciene, B. (2018, January 21\u201325). Designing an educational music game for digital game based learning: A Lithuanian case study. Proceedings of the 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400148"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chittaro, L., and Ieronutti, L. (2004, January 25\u201328). A visual tool for tracing users\u2019 behavior in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI \u201904), Gallipoli, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/989863.989868"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"144","article-title":"A Movement Data Analysis and Synthesis Tool for Museum Visitors\u2019 Behaviors","volume":"Volume 5879","author":"Sookhanaphibarn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia (PCM 2009)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiropoulou, E.E., Thanou, A., and Papavassiliou, S. (2016, January 20\u201321). Modelling museum visitors\u2019 Quality of Experience. Proceedings of the 2016 11th International Workshop on Semantic and Social Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMAP.2016.7753388"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-017-0453-2","article-title":"Quality of Experience-based museum touring: A human in the loop approach","volume":"7","author":"Tsiropoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3132041","article-title":"Game Categorization for Deriving QoE-Driven Video Encoding Configuration Strategies for Cloud Gaming","volume":"14","author":"Slivar","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2011.12.014","article-title":"Gaming in the clouds: QoE and the users\u2019 perspective","volume":"57","author":"Jarschel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggiorini, D., Ripamonti, L.A., and Sauro, F. (2014). Unifying Rigid and Soft Bodies Representation: The Sulfur Physics Engine. Int. J. Comput. Games Technol., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/485019"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Xie, J. (2011, January 21\u201323). The research on mobile game engine. Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, Z., and Usman, M. (2016, January 6\u20137). A framework for game engine selection for gamification and serious games. Proceedings of the FTC 2016\u2014Future Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FTC.2016.7821753"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Po\u0142ap, D., K\u0119sik, K., Ksi\u0105\u017cek, K., and Wo\u017aniak, M. (2017). Obstacle Detection as a Safety Alert in Augmented Reality Models by the Use of Deep Learning Techniques. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122803"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzys, R., Maskeli\u016bnas, R., Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R., Sidekerskien\u0117, T., Wo\u017aniak, M., and Wei, W. (2018). Cloudification of Virtual Reality Gliding Simulation Game. Information, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/info9120293"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882359","article-title":"Precomputing interactive dynamic deformable scenes","volume":"22","author":"James","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01900346","article-title":"Data Structures for Soft Objects","volume":"2","author":"Wyvill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378522","article-title":"Modeling Inelastic Deformation: Viscoelasticity, Plasticity, Fracture","volume":"22","author":"Terzopoulos","year":"1988","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, D., and Pai, D. (1999, January 8\u201313). ArtDefo\u2014Accurate Real Time Deformable Objects. Proceedings of the Computer Graphics (Proc. Siggraph 99), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311542"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378508","article-title":"The Motion Dynamics of Snakes and Worms","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Matyka, M., and Ollila, M. (2003, January 20\u201321). Pressure Model of Soft Body Simulation. Proceedings of the Annual SIGRAD Conference, Ume\u00e5, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kenwright, B. (2018, December 09). Scalable Real-Time Vehicle Deformation for Interactive Environments. Available online: http:\/\/www.xbdev.net\/misc_demos\/demos\/vehicle_deformation\/paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAdams, A., Zhu, Y., Selle, A., Empey, M., Tamstorf, R., Teran, J., and Sifakis, E. (2011, January 7\u201311). Efficient elasticity for character skinning with contact and collisions. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH \u201911, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1964921.1964932"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964967","article-title":"Example-based elastic materials","volume":"30","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818065","article-title":"A unified approach for subspace simulation of deformable bodies in multiple domains","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coumans, E. (2015, January 9\u201313). Bullet physics simulation. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH 2015 Courses\u2014SIGGRAPH \u201915, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2776880.2792704"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, E.G., and O\u2019Brien, J.F. (2009, January 1\u20132). Real-time deformation and fracture in a game environment. Proceedings of the SCA \u201909 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1599470.1599492"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasora, A., Serban, R., Mazhar, H., Pazouki, A., Melanz, D., Fleischmann, J., and Negrut, D. (2016). Chrono: An Open Source Multi-physics Dynamics Engine. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40361-8_2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itterheim, S. (2014). Soft-Body Physics. Learn SpriteBuilder for iOS Game Development, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-0262-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.-W., and Tilevich, E. (2015, January 16\u201317). Facilitating the Implementation of Adaptive Cloud Offloading to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Mobile Applications. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MobileSoft.2015.21"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2487344","article-title":"Efficient multi-user computation offloading for mobile-edge cloud computing","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.06.009","article-title":"Partitioning and offloading in smart mobile devices for mobile cloud computing: State of the art and future directions","volume":"119","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.09.006","article-title":"Opportunistic computing offloading in edge clouds","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:5(548)","article-title":"Prediction of Engineering Performance: A Neurofuzzy Approach","volume":"131","author":"Georgy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wysocki, A., and Lawrynczuk, M. (2015, January 24\u201327). Jordan neural network for modelling and predictive control of dynamic systems. Proceedings of the 2015 20th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR), Miedzyzdroje, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMAR.2015.7283862"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/12\/318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:02Z","timestamp":1760196782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/9\/12\/318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["info9120318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info9120318","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]}}}