{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T20:13:05Z","timestamp":1771877585151,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05422\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05422\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to a recent study by OpenAI, Open Research, and the University of Pennsylvania, large language models (LLMs) based on artificial intelligence (AI), such as generative pretrained transformers (GPTs), may have potential implications for the job market, specifically regarding occupations that demand writing or programming skills. This research points out that interpreters and translators are one of the main occupations with greater exposure to AI in the US job market (76.5%), in a trend that is expected to affect other regions of the globe. This article, following a mixed-methods survey-based research approach, provides insights into the awareness and knowledge about AI among Portuguese language service providers (LSPs), specifically regarding neural machine translation (NMT) and large language models (LLM), their actual use and usefulness, as well as their potential influence on work performance and the labour market. The results show that most professionals are unable to identify whether AI and\/or automation technologies support the tools that are most used in the profession. The usefulness of AI is essentially low to moderate and the professionals who are less familiar with it and less knowledgeable also demonstrate a lack of trust in it. Two thirds of the sample estimate negative or very negative effects of AI in their profession, expressing the devaluation and replacement of experts, the reduction of income, and the reconfiguration of the career of translator to mere post-editors as major concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics10040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1698057260000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Artificial Intelligence: A Blessing or a Threat for Language Service Providers in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOS.PP ISCAP Polytechnic of Porto, 4465-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOS.PP ISCAP Polytechnic of Porto, 4465-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOS.PP ISCAP Polytechnic of Porto, 4465-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Moreira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOS.PP ISCAP Polytechnic of Porto, 4465-004 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). Mckinsey. The State of AI in 2022\u2014And A Half Decade in Review. Available online: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/capabilities\/quantumblack\/our-insights\/the-state-of-ai-in-2022-and-a-half-decade-in-review."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., and Rock, D. (2023). GPTs Are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, May 19). FACT. MR Language Services Market Outlook (2022\u20132023). Available online: https:\/\/www.factmr.com\/report\/language-services-market."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowker, L. (2019). The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315678627-123"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). Mordor Intelligence Machine Translation Market Analysis\u2014Industry Report\u2014Trends, Size & Share. Available online: https:\/\/www.mordorintelligence.com\/industry-reports\/machine-translation-market."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Li, X.L. (2023). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1515\/pralin-2017-0013","article-title":"Is Neural Machine Translation the New State of the Art?","volume":"108","author":"Castilho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prague Bull. Math. Linguist."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Schuster, M., Chen, Z., Le, Q.V., Norouzi, M., Macherey, W., Krikun, M., Cao, Y., Gao, Q., and Macherey, K. (2016). Google\u2019s Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patwardhan, N., Marrone, S., and Sansone, C. (2023). Transformers in the Real World: A Survey on NLP Applications. Information, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/info14040242"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoph, B., Yuret, D., May, J., and Knight, K. (2016). Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1163"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.12007","article-title":"Neural Machine Translation: A Review","volume":"69","author":"Stahlberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"ChatGPT for Good? On Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.K. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Posthumanist Translation: ChatGPT versus the Translator. Appl. Linguist. Rev.","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev-2023-0122"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, May 13). DialoGPT. Microsoft Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/project\/large-scale-pretraining-for-response-generation\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, May 13). Blender Bot 2.0: An Open Source Chatbot That Builds Long-Term Memory and Searches the Internet. Available online: https:\/\/ai.facebook.com\/blog\/blender-bot-2-an-open-source-chatbot-that-builds-long-term-memory-and-searches-the-internet\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, May 13). Towards a Conversational Agent That Can Chat About\u2026Anything. Available online: https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2020\/01\/towards-conversational-agent-that-can.html."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, May 13). AWS Lex\u2014Amazon Web Services. Available online: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/pt\/lex\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirov, V., and Malamin, B. (2022). Are Translators Afraid of Artificial Intelligence?. Societies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/soc12020070"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"249","article-title":"An Exploration of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation for Communication Professionals","volume":"19","author":"Ouariachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Commun. Ethics Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1145\/3312530","article-title":"Interpreting AI and Its Place in Our Worlds","volume":"25","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"XRDS Crossroads ACM Mag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downie, J. (2020). Interpreters vs Machines: Can Interpreters Survive in an AI-Dominated World?, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003001805"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1177\/1470785318805305","article-title":"Controlling Social Desirability Bias","volume":"61","author":"Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mark. Res."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/10\/4\/81\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:27Z","timestamp":1760130627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/10\/4\/81"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics10040081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics10040081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]}}}