{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:39:29Z","timestamp":1770464369070,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["2020LMWF9Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020LMWF9Y"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["IR0000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000033"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["2020LMWF9Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020LMWF9Y"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["IR0000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing the critical challenges of resource inefficiency and environmental impact in the agrifood sector, this study explores the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with IOTA\u2019s Tangle, a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). This integration aims to enhance sustainable agricultural practices, using rice cultivation as a case study of high relevance and reapplicability given its importance in the food chain and the high irrigation requirement of its cultivation. The approach employs sensor-based intelligent irrigation systems to optimize water efficiency. These systems enable real-time monitoring of agricultural parameters through IoT sensors. Data management is facilitated by IOTA\u2019s Tangle, providing secure and efficient data handling, and integrated with MongoDB, a Database Management System (DBMS), for effective data storage and retrieval. The collaboration between IoT and IOTA led to significant reductions in resource consumption. Implementing sustainable agricultural practices resulted in a 50% reduction in water usage, 25% decrease in nitrogen consumption, and a 50% to 70% reduction in methane emissions. Additionally, the system contributed to lower electricity consumption for irrigation pumps and generated comprehensive historical water depth records, aiding future resource management decisions. This study concludes that the integration of IoT with IOTA\u2019s Tangle presents a highly promising solution for advancing sustainable agriculture. This approach significantly contributes to environmental conservation and food security. Furthermore, it establishes that DLTs like IOTA are not only viable but also effective for real-time monitoring and implementation of sustainable agricultural practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T03:30:34Z","timestamp":1703734234000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Integrating IOTA\u2019s Tangle with the Internet of Things for Sustainable Agriculture: A Proof-of-Concept Study on Rice Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sandro","family":"Pullo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STAKE Lab, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}]},{"given":"Remo","family":"Pareschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STAKE Lab, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"},{"name":"BB-Smile Srl, 00167 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Piantadosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STAKE Lab, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STAKE Lab, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Carlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BB-Smile Srl, 00167 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3096129","article-title":"Access Control for Distributed Ledgers in the Internet of Things: A Networking Approach","volume":"9","author":"Cullen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105807","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3211422","article-title":"Tangle 2.0 Leaderless Nakamoto Consensus on the Heaviest DAG","volume":"10","author":"Penzkofer","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"McKinsey Company (McKinsey Insights, 2023). 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