{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T16:11:22Z","timestamp":1762445482739,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union (EU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["952091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Loopholes involve misalignments between rules about what should be done and what is actually done in practice. The focus of this paper is loopholes in interactions between human organizations\u2019 implementations of task-specific artificial intelligence and individual people. The importance of identifying and addressing loopholes is recognized in safety science and in applications of AI. Here, an examination is provided of loophole sources in interactions between human organizations and individual people. Then, it is explained how the introduction of task-specific AI applications can introduce new sources of loopholes. Next, an analytical framework, which is well-established in safety science, is applied to analyses of loopholes in interactions between human organizations, artificial intelligence, and individual people. The example used in the analysis is human\u2013artificial intelligence systems in gig economy delivery driving work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11020036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T03:38:30Z","timestamp":1716953910000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Safety of Human\u2013Artificial Intelligence Systems: Applying Safety Science to Analyze Loopholes in Interactions between Human Organizations, Artificial Intelligence, and Individual People"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan G.","family":"Victores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RoboticsLab, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1163\/18719732-12341388","article-title":"The United Nation\u2019s capability to manage existential risks with a focus on artificial intelligence","volume":"21","author":"Nindler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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