{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T21:18:54Z","timestamp":1784236734082,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008675","name":"Zayed University RIF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R22085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R22085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper conducts a systematic review and interdisciplinary analysis of the ethical challenges of generative AI technologies (N = 37), highlighting significant concerns such as privacy, data protection, copyright infringement, misinformation, biases, and societal inequalities. The ability of generative AI to produce convincing deepfakes and synthetic media, which threaten the foundations of truth, trust, and democratic values, exacerbates these problems. The paper combines perspectives from various disciplines, including education, media, and healthcare, underscoring the need for AI systems that promote equity and do not perpetuate social inequalities. It advocates for a proactive approach to the ethical development of AI, emphasizing the necessity of establishing policies, guidelines, and frameworks that prioritize human rights, fairness, and transparency. The paper calls for a multidisciplinary dialogue among policymakers, technologists, and researchers to ensure responsible AI development that conforms to societal values and ethical standards. It stresses the urgency of addressing these ethical concerns and advocates for the development of generative AI in a socially beneficial and ethically sound manner, contributing significantly to the discourse on managing AI\u2019s ethical implications in the modern digital era. The study highlights the theoretical and practical implications of these challenges and suggests a number of future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11030058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1723461826000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["Ethical Challenges and Solutions of Generative AI: An Interdisciplinary Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3180-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mousa","family":"Al-kfairy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-7377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dheya","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nir","family":"Kshetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bryan School of Business and Economics, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen","family":"Insiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Alfandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"697","article-title":"The Impact of Generative Content on Individuals Privacy and Ethical Concerns","volume":"12","author":"Bale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00834-7","article-title":"Generative AI","volume":"66","author":"Feuerriegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2024.3357951","article-title":"Economics of Artificial Intelligence Governance","volume":"57","author":"Kshetri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoozadeh, M., Daniels, D., Nam, D., Kumar, A., Chen, S., Hilton, M., Srinivasa Ragavan, S., and Alipour, M.A. (2024, January 20\u201323). Trust in Generative AI among Students: An exploratory study. Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630842"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2023-109347","article-title":"Consent-GPT: Is it ethical to delegate procedural consent to conversational AI?","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Abhishek, V., Derdenger, T., Kim, J., and Srinivasan, K. (2024). Bias in Generative AI. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel-Villarreal, R., Vilalta-Perdomo, E., Salinas-Navarro, D.E., Thierry-Aguilera, R., and Gerardou, F.S. (2023). Challenges and opportunities of generative AI for higher education as explained by ChatGPT. Educ. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13090856"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., and Kamel Boulos, M.N. (2023). Generative AI in medicine and healthcare: Promises, opportunities and challenges. Future Internet, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15090286"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., and Welling, M. (2013). Auto-encoding variational bayes. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"6000","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to properly use the PRISMA Statement","volume":"10","author":"Aromataris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","article-title":"\u201cSo what if ChatGPT wrote it?\u201d Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy","volume":"71","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C.K.Y., and Lee, K.K. (2023). The AI generation gap: Are Gen Z students more interested in adopting generative AI such as ChatGPT in teaching and learning than their Gen X and Millennial Generation teachers?. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00269-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108782","article-title":"Safeguarding Authenticity for Mitigating the Harms of Generative AI: Issues, Research Agenda, and Policies for Detection, Fact-Checking, and Ethical AI","volume":"27","author":"Hamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10176-6","article-title":"Editors\u2019 statement on the responsible use of generative AI technologies in scholarly journal publishing","volume":"26","author":"Kaebnick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Health Care Philos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, T., Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y.K., and Dettmer, S. (2023, January 9\u201311). Exploring the transformative impact of generative AI on higher education. Proceedings of the Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, Curitiba, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-50040-4_6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, W.L. (2023). How to Harness Generative AI to Accelerate Human Learning. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00367-w"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.18559\/ebr.2023.2.743","article-title":"Challenges for higher education in the era of widespread access to Generative AI","volume":"9","author":"Walczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econ. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Cooper, A.F., and Grimmelmann, J. (2023). Talkin \u2018Bout AI Generation: Copyright and the Generative-AI Supply Chain. arXiv.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4523551"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prather, J., Denny, P., Leinonen, J., Becker, B.A., Albluwi, I., Craig, M., Keuning, H., Kiesler, N., Kohn, T., and Luxton-Reilly, A. (2023, January 7\u201312). The robots are here: Navigating the generative ai revolution in computing education. Proceedings of the 2023 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, Turku, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3623762.3633499"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2023.100060","article-title":"ChatGPT and the rise of generative AI: Threat to academic integrity?","volume":"13","author":"Eke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Responsible Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smits, J., and Borghuis, T. (2022). Generative AI and Intellectual Property Rights. Law and Artificial Intelligence: Regulating AI and Applying AI in Legal Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-523-2_17"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2023-108909","article-title":"Ethics of generative AI","volume":"49","author":"Zohny","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong, D.S., Chan, C.S., Ng, K.W., Fan, L., and Yang, Q. (2021, January 20\u201325). Protecting intellectual property of generative adversarial networks from ambiguity attacks. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00363"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farina, M., Yu, X., and Lavazza, A. (2024). Ethical considerations and policy interventions concerning the impact of generative AI tools in the economy and in society. AI Ethics, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00405-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, F., van Dijck, J., and van den Bosch, A. (2023). Observe, inspect, modify: Three conditions for generative AI governance. New Media Soc.","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231214811"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01987-4","article-title":"Generative AI in medical imaging: Applications, challenges, and ethics","volume":"47","author":"Bae","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00873-0","article-title":"The imperative for regulatory oversight of large language models (or generative AI) in healthcare","volume":"6","author":"Topol","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2023.2250311","article-title":"Generative AI, specific moral values: A closer look at ChatGPT\u2019s new ethical implications for medical AI","volume":"23","author":"Victor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Bioeth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thambawita, V., Isaksen, J.L., Hicks, S.A., Ghouse, J., Ahlberg, G., Linneberg, A., Grarup, N., Ellervik, C., Olesen, M.S., and Hansen, T. (2021). DeepFake electrocardiograms using generative adversarial networks are the beginning of the end for privacy issues in medicine. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01295-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00190","article-title":"An activity system-based perspective of generative AI: Challenges and research directions","volume":"15","author":"Nah","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIS Trans. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01740-4","article-title":"Generative AI poses ethical challenges for open science","volume":"7","author":"Acion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C.K.Y., and Hu, W. (2023). Students\u2019 Voices on Generative AI: Perceptions, Benefits, and Challenges in Higher Education. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00411-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarre, M.T., Caivano, D., Fernandez Nieto, B., Gigante, D., and Ragone, A. (2023, January 6\u20138). The Social Impact of Generative AI: An Analysis on ChatGPT. Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Information Technology for Social Good, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/3582515.3609555"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, N., Skripniuk, V., Abdelnabi, S., and Fritz, M. (2021, January 11\u201317). Artificial fingerprinting for generative models: Rooting deepfake attribution in training data. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Montreal, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01418"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hacker, P., Engel, A., and Mauer, M. (2023, January 12\u201315). Regulating ChatGPT and other large generative AI models. Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594067"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/jhuman\/huad035","article-title":"Fortify the truth: How to defend human rights in an age of deepfakes and generative AI","volume":"15","author":"Gregory","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Rights Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/17538068.2023.2277489","article-title":"What generative AI means for trust in health communications","volume":"16","author":"Dunn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Commun. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoaib, M.R., Wang, Z., Ahvanooey, M.T., and Zhao, J. (2023, January 28\u201330). Deepfakes, Misinformation, and Disinformation in the Era of Frontier AI, Generative AI, and Large AI Models. Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA59364.2023.10401723"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-023-00072-6","article-title":"Shall androids dream of genocides? How generative AI can change the future of memorialization of mass atrocities","volume":"3","author":"Makhortykh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Fan, S., and Kankanhalli, M. (2023, January 29). Combating misinformation in the era of generative AI models. Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3581783.3612704"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z. (2023). Supercharging academic writing with generative AI: Framework, techniques, and caveats. arXiv.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/9yhwz"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandiumenge, I. (2023). Copyright Implications of the Use of Generative AI, Elsevier. SSRN 4531912.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4531912"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/15434303.2023.2288256","article-title":"The use of assistive technologies including generative AI by test takers in language assessment: A debate of theory and practice","volume":"20","author":"Voss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lang. Assess. Q."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Chang, J., Yang, Z., Wu, T., Mahawaga Arachchige, P.C., Pathmabandu, C., and Xue, M. (May, January 30). Copyright protection and accountability of generative ai: Attack, watermarking and attribution. Proceedings of the Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2023.3267140","article-title":"What If Ethics Got in the Way of Generative AI?","volume":"25","author":"Hurlburt","year":"2023","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Cooper, A.F., and Grimmelmann, J. (2024, January 26\u201327). Talkin \u2018Bout AI Generation: Copyright and the Generative-AI Supply Chain (The Short Version). Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Science and Law, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3614407.3643696"}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/11\/3\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:33:03Z","timestamp":1760110383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/11\/3\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics11030058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics11030058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]}}}