{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:10:41Z","timestamp":1780535441276,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PNRR MUR project","award":["PE0000013-FAIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000013-FAIR"]}]},{"name":"PNRR MUR project","award":["101094665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101094665"]}]},{"name":"PNRR MUR project","award":["EU DM 1062\/21 57-I-999-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU DM 1062\/21 57-I-999-1"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission","award":["PE0000013-FAIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000013-FAIR"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission","award":["101094665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101094665"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission","award":["EU DM 1062\/21 57-I-999-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU DM 1062\/21 57-I-999-1"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan","award":["PE0000013-FAIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000013-FAIR"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan","award":["101094665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101094665"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan","award":["EU DM 1062\/21 57-I-999-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU DM 1062\/21 57-I-999-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes ubiquitous across various fields, understanding people\u2019s acceptance and trust in AI systems becomes essential. This review aims to identify quantitative measures used to measure trust in AI and the associated studied elements. Following the PRISMA guidelines, three databases were consulted, selecting articles published before December 2023. Ultimately, 45 articles out of 1283 were selected. Articles were included if they were peer-reviewed journal publications in English reporting empirical studies measuring trust in AI systems with multi-item questionnaires. Studies were analyzed through the lenses of cognitive and affective trust. We investigated trust definitions, questionnaires employed, types of AI systems, and trust-related constructs. Results reveal diverse trust conceptualizations and measurements. In addition, the studies covered a wide range of AI system types, including virtual assistants, content detection tools, chatbots, medical AI, robots, and educational AI. Overall, the studies show compatibility of cognitive or affective trust focus between theorization, items, experimental stimuli, and level of anthropomorphism of the systems. The review underlines the need to adapt measurement of trust in the specific characteristics of human\u2013AI interaction, accounting for both the cognitive and affective sides. Trust definitions and measurement could be chosen depending also on the level of anthropomorphism of the systems and the context of application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12030070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T11:52:58Z","timestamp":1752580378000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Decoding Trust in Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Measures and Related Variables"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4862-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Aquilino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Theory of Mind and Social Competences, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Di Dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Theory of Mind and Social Competences, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit in Psychology and Robotics in the Life-Span, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7353-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Theory of Mind and Social Competences, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit in Psychology and Robotics in the Life-Span, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Intelligent Robotics Lab., Department of System Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Theory of Mind and Social Competences, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit in Psychology and Robotics in the Life-Span, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piercosma","family":"Bisconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEXAI Etica Artificiale, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"DIAG, Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Theory of Mind and Social Competences, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit in Psychology and Robotics in the Life-Span, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2050543","article-title":"Trust in AI and Its Role in the Acceptance of AI Technologies","volume":"39","author":"Choung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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