{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:11:13Z","timestamp":1774321873275,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread integration of artificial intelligence into university academic activity requires responsibly addressing the ethical challenges it poses. This study critically analyses these challenges, identifying opportunities and risks in various academic disciplines and practices. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method of publications from January 2024 to January 2025. Based on the selected works (n = 60), through a systematic and rigorous examination, this study identifies ethical challenges in teaching and research; opportunities and risks of its integration into academic practice; specific artificial intelligence tools categorised according to study approach; and a contribution to the current debate, providing criteria and practical guidelines for academics. In conclusion, it can be stated that the integration of AI offers significant opportunities, such as the optimisation of research and personalised learning, as well as notable human and ethical risks, including the loss of critical thinking, technological dependence, and the homogenisation of ideas. It is essential to adopt a conscious approach, with clear guidelines that promote human supervision, ensuring that AI acts as a tool for improvement rather than for the replacement of intelligent human performance, and that it supports human action and discernment in the creation of knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12040111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1760420901000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academia and Research: The Most Relevant Approaches, Challenges and Topics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Llerena-Izquierdo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Guayaquil 090901, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Ayala-Carabajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Guayaquil 090901, Ecuador"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100932","article-title":"Exploring the impact of ChatGPT on education: A web mining and machine learning approach","volume":"22","author":"Rejeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13455-2","article-title":"AI tools for writing: A Q-method study with Turkish instructors of English","volume":"30","author":"Tomak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahsavar, Z., Kafipour, R., Khojasteh, L., and Pakdel, F. (2024). Is artificial intelligence for everyone? Analyzing the role of ChatGPT as a writing assistant for medical students. Front. Educ., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1457744"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2024.101075","article-title":"How our authors are using AI tools in manuscript writing","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12938","article-title":"The importance of transparency: Declaring the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in academic writing","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09774-x","article-title":"Leveraging Google Gemini as a Research Writing Tool in Higher Education","volume":"30","author":"Barrot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Knowl. Learn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajid, M., Sanaullah, M., Fuzail, M., Malik, T.S., and Shuhidan, S.M. (2025). Comparative analysis of text-based plagiarism detection techniques. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319551"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amirjalili, F., Neysani, M., and Nikbakht, A. (2024). Exploring the boundaries of authorship: A comparative analysis of AI-generated text and human academic writing in English literature. Front. Educ., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1347421"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202502","DOI":"10.30935\/ojcmt\/15832","article-title":"Systematic analysis of generative AI tools integration in academic research and peer review","volume":"15","author":"Salman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Online J. Commun. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombaers, P., de Bruin, J., and van de Schoot, R. (2024). Reproducibility and Data Storage for Active Learning-Aided Systematic Reviews. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14093842"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almegren, A., Hassan Saleh, M., Abduljalil Nasr, H., Jamal Kaid, A., and Almegren, R.M. (2024). Evaluating the quality of AI feedback: A comparative study of AI and human essay grading. Innov. Educ. Teach. Int., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2024.2437122"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-024-00820-3","article-title":"Based on Medicine, The Now and Future of Large Language Models","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1950","article-title":"Revolutionizing Cardiology With Words: Unveiling the Impact of Large Language Models in Medical Science Writing","volume":"40","author":"Bhattaru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00485-y","article-title":"Comparison of generative AI performance on undergraduate and postgraduate written assessments in the biomedical sciences","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S. Journalists as individual users of artificial intelligence: Examining journalists\u2019 \u201cvalue-motivated use\u201d of ChatGPT and other AI tools within and without the newsroom. Journalism, 2024.","DOI":"10.1177\/14648849241303047"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"358","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence tools for diverse learning styles in design education","volume":"23","author":"Chandrasekera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaichana, P., Oo, M.Z., Thorup, G.L., Chansakaow, C., Arworn, S., and Rerkasem, K. (2025). Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Medical Writing: Balancing Technological Innovation and Human Expertise, with Practical Applications in Lower Extremity Wounds Care. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds, ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346241312814"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengul, C., Neykova, R., and Destefanis, G. (2024). Software engineering education in the era of conversational AI: Current trends and future directions. Front. Artif. Intell., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1436350"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llerena-Izquierdo, J., Mendez-Reyes, J., Ayala-Carabajo, R., and Andrade-Martinez, C. (2024). Innovations in Introductory Programming Education: The Role of AI with Google Colab and Gemini. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14121330"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.4c00226","article-title":"Implementation and Evaluation of a ChatGPT-Assisted Special Topics Writing Assignment in Biochemistry","volume":"101","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400077","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI.24.00077","article-title":"Characterizing the Increase in Artificial Intelligence Content Detection in Oncology Scientific Abstracts From 2021 to 2023","volume":"8","author":"Howard","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Clin. Cancer Inform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizondo-Garc\u00eda, M.E., Hern\u00e1ndez-De la Cerda, H., Benavides-Garc\u00eda, I.G., Caratozzolo, P., and Membrillo-Hern\u00e1ndez, J. (2025). Who is solving the challenge? The use of ChatGPT in mathematics and biology courses using challenge-based learning. Front. Educ., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1417642"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00191.2024","article-title":"Should oral examination be reimagined in the era of AI?","volume":"49","author":"Eachempati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clift, L., and Petrovska, O. (2025, January 7). Learning without Limits: Analysing the Usage of Generative AI in a Summative Assessment. Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Computing Education Practice, Durham, UK. CEP \u201925.","DOI":"10.1145\/3702212.3702214"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"300","article-title":"Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools to Augment Teaching Scientific Research in Postgraduate Studies","volume":"39","author":"Segooa","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"215","article-title":"Unmasking AI-Generated Texts Using Linguistic and Stylistic Features","volume":"16","author":"Rujeedawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04916-3","article-title":"Defending mutation-based adversarial text perturbation: A black-box approach","volume":"28","author":"Deanda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102387","article-title":"A review of top cardiology and cardiovascular medicine journal guidelines regarding the use of generative artificial intelligence tools in scientific writing","volume":"49","author":"Inam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oates, A., and Johnson, D. ChatGPT in the Classroom: Evaluating its Role in Fostering Critical Evaluation Skills. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00452-8"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Lee, M., Gero, K.I., Chung, J.J.Y., Shum, S.B., Raheja, V., Shen, H., Venugopalan, S., Wambsganss, T., Zhou, D., and Alghamdi, E.A. (2024, January 11\u201316). A Design Space for Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants. Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA. CHI \u201924."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.10.041","article-title":"Introducing Our Custom GPT: An Example of the Potential Impact of Personalized GPT Builders on Scientific Writing","volume":"193","author":"Kabir","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Debbabi, M., de Carn\u00e9 de Carnavalet, X., Luo, X., Du, X., and Au, M.H.A. (2024, January 28\u201330). Learning AI Coding Style for Software Plagiarism Detection. Proceedings of the Security and Privacy in Communication Networks, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64948-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.34135\/mlar-24-02-14","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Academic Media Environment: Challenges, Trends, Innovations","volume":"7","author":"Mysechko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Media Lit. Acad. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Mart\u00ednez, I.M., Flores-Bueno, D., G\u00f3mez-Puente, S.M., and Vite-Le\u00f3n, V.O. (2024). AI in higher education: A systematic literature review. Front. Educ., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1391485"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103837","article-title":"Transforming education with AI: A systematic review of ChatGPT\u2019s role in learning, academic practices, and institutional adoption","volume":"25","author":"Salih","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09802-w","article-title":"Balancing Innovation and Integrity: An Emerging Technology Report on SciSpace in Academic Writing","volume":"30","author":"Barrot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Knowl. Learn."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamoun, E., Schlichktrull, M., and Vlachos, A. (2024). Automated focused feedback generation for scientific writing assistance. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.580"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maaloul, K. (2024, January 17\u201318). Identifying AI-Written Text in Academia: A Machine Learning-Based Framework. Proceedings of the 2024 1st International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Telecommunication and Energy Technologies (ECTE-Tech), Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTE-Tech62477.2024.10850944"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/18146627.2024.2440351","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Academic Writing and Research Skills in Kenyan Universities: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Obura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20535\/2410-8286.305061","article-title":"Ukrainian Phd Students\u2019 Attitudes Toward AI Language Processing Tools in the Context of English for Academic Purposes","volume":"12","author":"Kramar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13562","article-title":"Aligning and comparing values of ChatGPT and human as learning facilitators: A value-sensitive design approach","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70083","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70083","article-title":"Between Shortcut and Ethics: Navigating the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Writing Among Indonesian Doctoral Students","volume":"60","author":"Pratiwi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.24093\/awej\/ChatGPT.1","article-title":"Impact of ChatGPT on Academic Writing at Moroccan Universities","volume":"1","author":"Jaafari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab World Engl. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125868","article-title":"ChatGPT vs human expertise in the context of IT recruitment","volume":"264","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neshaei, S.P., Rietsche, R., Su, X., and Wambsganss, T. (2024, January 18\u201321). Enhancing Peer Review with AI-Powered Suggestion Generation Assistance: Investigating the Design Dynamics. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Greenville, SC, USA. IUI \u201924.","DOI":"10.1145\/3640543.3645169"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherhe\u0219, V., F\u0103rca\u0219iu, M.A., Cernicova-Buca, M., and Coman, C. (2025). AI vs. Human-Authored Headlines: Evaluating the Effectiveness, Trust, and Linguistic Features of ChatGPT-Generated Clickbait and Informative Headlines in Digital News. Information, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020150"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawlik-Kobyli\u0144ska, M. (2024). Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced Scientific Collaboration: Insights from Students and Educational Implications. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14101132"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241247934","article-title":"How Sensitive Are the Free AI-detector Tools in Detecting AI-generated Texts? A Comparison of Popular AI-detector Tools","volume":"47","author":"Kar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2024.2310086","article-title":"Between human and AI: Assessing the reliability of AI text detection tools","volume":"40","author":"Bellini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, J., Nacke, L., and Rogers, K. (2025). Introducing the INSPIRE Framework: Guidelines From Expert Librarians for Search and Selection in HCI Literature. Interact. Comput., iwaf001.","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwaf001"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mir\u00f3n-M\u00e9rida, V.A., and Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, R.M. (2024). Developing written communication skills in engineers in Spanish: Is ChatGPT a tool or a hindrance?. Front. Educ., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1416152"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Arai, K. (2024, January 29\u201330). Generative AI in Writing Research Papers: A New Type of Algorithmic Bias and Uncertainty in Scholarly Work. Proceedings of the Intelligent Systems and Applications, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-024-00155-6","article-title":"The great detectives: Humans versus AI detectors in catching large language model-generated medical writing","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Integr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desaire, H., Isom, M., and Hua, D. (2024). Almost Nobody Is Using ChatGPT to Write Academic Science Papers (Yet). Big Data Cogn. Comput., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc8100133"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101769","article-title":"Perfect detection of computer-generated text faces fundamental challenges","volume":"5","author":"Netuka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Yao, Z., Li, F., and Luo, B. (2024, January 14\u201318). On the Detectability of ChatGPT Content: Benchmarking, Methodology, and Evaluation through the Lens of Academic Writing. Proceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. CCS \u201924.","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3670392"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Stephanidis, C., Antona, M., Ntoa, S., and Salvendy, G. (July, January 29). Enhancing Scientific Research and Paper Writing Processes by Integrating Artificial Intelligence Tools. Proceedings of the HCI International 2024 Posters, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/test.12398","article-title":"The use of generative AI in statistical data analysis and its impact on teaching statistics at universities of applied sciences","volume":"47","author":"Schwarz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Teach. Stat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70014","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70014","article-title":"A Comparison of Human-Written Versus AI-Generated Text in Discussions at Educational Settings: Investigating Features for ChatGPT, Gemini and BingAI","volume":"60","author":"Onan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-024-00693-9","article-title":"AI-generated or AI touch-up? Identifying AI contribution in text data","volume":"20","author":"Hashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Data Sci. Anal."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/12\/4\/111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T06:26:03Z","timestamp":1760423163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/12\/4\/111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics12040111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics12040111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]}}}